REFRIGERATION & AIR

CONDITIONING
BY AFOLABI TOLULOPE
18/30GD014
GSE 301 PROJECT
 REFRIGERATION EXPLAINED
Refrigeration is the process of continuous cooling or extraction of heat from a space to a
temperature below that of the atmosphere. The principle of refrigeration is based on the second
law of thermodynamics which states that heat is being made to flow from a cold body to a hot
body with the help of an external source.

Refrigeration in other terms is a type of artificial (human made) cooling.

 REFRIGERANTS

Refrigerant is the working fluid in a heat transfer system. It is also a chemical that helps to
provide cooling in a heat transfer system. Primary and Secondary refrigerants are the major
types of refrigerants. Examples of primary refrigerants include;R11, R12, R22, R134a. While
secondary refrigerants include; water, air, hydrocarbons, ammonia and carbondioxide.
 CLASSES AND PROPERTIES OF
REFRIGERANTS

Classes of refrigerants include; safe refrigerant, toxic and moderately flammable, highly
flammable.
Properties of an ideal refrigerant low freezing point, low boiling point, low viscosity, low
specific volume, odourless, good thermal conductivity, low saturation pressure, high latent heat
of vaporization, non-flammable and non-toxic, high critical temperature and pressure.
 COMPRESSOR

This is a mechanical device that compresses gas and increases the pressure of the compressed
gas. It consists of two parts; the power source and the compressing mechanism.
Types of compressors can be divided into two which are positive displacement compressor
(rotary and reciprocating) and dynamic compressor (axial and centrifugal).
Factors affecting the performance of a compressor include the speed of rotation, pressure at
suction, pressure at discharge and type of refrigants used.
 CONDENSER
This is a mechanical device used to condense the refrigerant at saturation temperature from
vapor to liquid.
The condenser works by condensing the refrigerant. The refrigerant entering the condenser is
hot and pressurised. The condenser then cools the refrigerant by converting it into a liquid state.
 TYPES OF CONDENSER

Air cooled condenser are used in small units like house used refrigerator, freezer and water
cooler. Condensing occurs by natural convection (air flows over the condenser in a natural way)
and forced convection (a fan operated by a motor blows air over the condenser).

Water cooled condenser are used for large refrigerating plants and central air conditioning
plants.
 CONTROL & METERING DEVICE
This is used to control the rate of admission of refrigerants into the evaporator and it also helps
to maintain a pressure difference between the high pressure side and the low pressure side of the
system.
 HOW THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
WORKS
• The refrigeration cycle starts and ends with the compressor. The refrigerant flows into
the Compressor where it is compressed and pressurised. At this point, the refrigerant is a hot
gas. The refrigerant is then pushed to the Condenser which turns the vapour into liquid and
absorbs some of the heat. The refrigerant then proceeds to the Expansion Valve where it
expands, losing pressure and heat.
• The refrigerant coming out of the expansion valve is cold and slow due to the loss of
pressure. It enters the Evaporator in a liquid state where the exchange of heat takes place
thus cooling the load inside the refrigerator. As the gas cools down the load, it absorbs the
heat which turns it into a gas. The gas is then pushed back into the Compressor where it can
start the cycle again.
• During the refrigeration cycle, a build-up of ice around the evaporator may occur. Both
commercial fridges and freezers will combat this build-up with some form of defrost system.
 AIR CONDITIONING.

Air Conditioning is the process of conditioning the air according to the human
comfort, irrespective of external conditions.
 APPLICATIONS OF AIR CONDITIONING.

• Used in offices, hotels, buses, cars.,etc

• Used in industries having tool room machines.
• Used in textile industries to control moisture.
• Used in printing press.
• Used in Food industries, Chemical plants.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AIR CONDITIONING.

Air conditioning systems are classified as

According to the purpose;
a)Comfort Air conditioning.
b) Industrial Air conditioning.
According to Season of the year;
a)Summer Air conditioning.
b) Winter Air conditioning.
c) Year round Air conditioning.
THANK YOU