Advanced Marine Vehicles

Introduction
Advanced Marine Vehicles
Peripheral Jet
•Air
  Cushion Theory
• Cushion Pressure for Steady flow, is
given by

• The assumptions were:

• Local air velocity is constant throughout
the jet and equal to velocity at the
nozzle outlet
• The pressure in the jet is atmospheric
• is constant
• Inviscous flow
Peripheral Jet
•Air
  Cushion Theory
• In this theory, boundary between the jet
and the cushion air marks a
discontinuity of both pressure and
velocity
• Thus, theory is inadequate
• Total pressure (guage) in the jet

Where
 
Peripheral Jet
•Air
  Cushion Theory
• In order to have

• But this condition is impossible since

flow takes place from the fan to the
cushion region
• Thus, this theory is limited to conditions
when is large for a given craft
• Thus we require a more logical
approach
Peripheral Jet
•Air
  Cushion Theory
• If we drop first two assumptions,
then
• The pressure in the jet increase from
a on streamline to on streamline
• Velocity on must be greater than
the velocity on

Thus
Peripheral Jet
•Air
  Cushion Theory

Thus
Peripheral Jet
•Air
  Cushion Theory

Where

We have
Peripheral Jet
•Air
  Cushion Theory

The cushion pressure at the

inner streamline of the jet
becomes
Peripheral Jet
•Air
  Cushion Theory
Noting that
Peripheral Jet
Air Cushion Theory
• Air under cushion is actually in motion
• Strength of vortex depends on thickness
and velocity of jet
• High velocity thin jet generates a
stronger vortex than a slow thin jet
• Pressure drops due to existence of these
vortices
• In case of marine ACV, the overpressure
in the cushion region causes a
depression in the water surface
• Water is scooped out around the
perimeter to form a spray both outside
and to a lesser extent inside the cushion
region
Peripheral Jet
Forward Flight over land
• Subcritical speed: Large eddies from forward blown over the
upper surface
• First Critical Speed: Eddy region decreases with speed, flow
follows the contour of hovercraft more closely. The jet flow is carried
aft in thin stream close to upper surface
• Transition Speed: Some of the forward jet enters the cushion.
Remainder of the flow is deflected upward to enclose a bubble
• Poisson Quinton Critical Condition: A particular case of
transition flow is reached in which the pressure in the bubble
increases to the value equal to cushion pressure
• Second Critical Condition: The pressure in the bubble
exceeds the cushion pressure and jet becomes concave. An absence
of any forward air from the leading jet
• Supercritical Speed: The forward jet is swept under the
cushion and mainstream flow occurs between the forward jet and the
ground
Peripheral Jet
Forward Flight over Water
• Hovering Flight: When hovering at rest, the
depression of the water surface is symmetric
• Sub-critical Speed: As the forward speed
increases, both depressions are tilted to give the
craft a small positive trim angle. This water
depression is sometimes called the fluid hull. As the
speed increases in subcritical range, the slope of
water depression, the trim angle and clearance
height all increases due to the piling up of water,
until the trim angle reaches to a max value
• Supercritical Speed: Further increase in the
speed produces a longer, shallower depression of
greater area and decreased slop due to the inertial
lag of the fluid
• Higher Supercritical Speed: The flow pattern
resembles as that of flight on land