Advanced Marine Vehicles

Introduction
Advanced Marine Vehicles
Introduction
Hydrofoil Craft
Hydrofoil Craft
Hydrofoil Craft
• Unlike the main hull of a planing craft that of the hydrofoil boat is completely clear
of the water at high speeds
• Hydrodynamic supporting forces are developed on fully – or partially – submerged
extensions of appendages fixed to the main hull
• The supporting forces result from a suitable distribution of pressure on the wetted
surfaces (the hydrofoils) once the craft is in motion
• As a hydrofoil-equipped watercraft increases in speed, the hydrofoil elements
below the hull(s) develop enough lift to raise the hull out of the water, which
greatly reduces hull drag
• Although the hull itself is clear of the water, the struts, foils and propulsor are
submerged, thus contributing buoyancy force augmenting hydrodynamic lift
Hydrofoil Craft
Assignment No 2
• Explain the phenomenon of hydrodynamic lift on a hydrofoil section (aerofoil) with
reference to Kutta–Joukowski condition. Why circulation is important.
• Derive a mathematical relation for both 3D hydrodynamic lift and drag of a wing
section and thus explain the effect of taper and aspect ratio on lift
• Explain the development of trailing and bound vortices on wing section and hence
the concept of induced drag.
• Write a matlab code to develop geometry of 4 digit symmetrical NACA sections.
Ref: Munson, Young and Okiishi's Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics
R Clayton, RED Bishop’s Mechanics of Marine Vehicle
Hydrofoil Craft
Hydrofoil Craft
• There are two typical configurations of hydrofoil craft. The foils, attached by struts
to the hull, may either:
• Pierce the water surface
• Or totally submerged, or be a combination of both

Surface piercing foils canard Submerged foils conventional

configuration configuration
Hydrofoil Craft
Hydrofoil close to a Free Surface
• Hydrofoil lifting surfaces attached to a high speed craft do not usually operate
deeply submerged – they may actually pierce the interface
• A satisfactory design must incorporate an acceptable blend of the following
issues:
• The clearance height between the hull and the air-water interface must be great enough to
avoid contact between hull and the wave crests
• The size of the strut must be consistent with structural and low drag requirements
• Fouling between the foils and sea bottom or jetty wall during docking restricts the length of the
strut

• The performance of foil near the surface is affected by depth, cavitation and
ventilation
Hydrofoil Craft
Dependent of lift force on depth
• For positive angles of incidences, high velocities and low pressures will result on
upper surface of foil
• These low pressures are transmitted through the water so that a depression
occurs at interface
• As a result of this blockage affect the fluid velocities over the upper surface of the
foil are reduced leading to concomitant increase in surface pressure
• Hence the lift force will reduce
• The lift coefficient of a foil at a given incidence angle decreases as the foil
approaches the interface
• The significant changes take place over a depth approx. equals to the mean chord
length of the hydrofoil. The behaviour is known as depth effect
Hydrofoil Craft
Dependent of lift force on depth

High Low
velocities Pressure

Low High
velocities Pressure

Low Pressure result in depression Reduces the speed on the upper

surface
Low Low
Pressure Pressure

High High
Pressure Pressure
Hydrofoil Craft
Dependent of lift force on depth

Reduces the speed on the upper Result in higher Pressure on top

surface
Low Low
Pressure Pressure

High High
Pressure Pressure
Hydrofoil Craft
Cavitation on Hydrofoils
• When the absolute static pressure of a liquid is reduced, the absolute vapour
pressure may reached at which the liquid boils and vapourizes
Hydrofoil Craft
•Cavitation
  on Hydrofoils
• When the absolute static pressure of a liquid is reduced, the absolute vapour
pressure may reached at which the liquid boils and vapourizes
• There are region of low pressure on the foil where bubbles and vapour filled
cavities may develop rapidly giving rise to cavitation

• where is cavitation index

• It is also observed that inception of cavitation commences before is reduced
• where is a critical value obtained empirically
Hydrofoil Craft
•Cavitation
  on Hydrofoils
• A pressure coefficient has been defined as

• where is upstream, absolute hydrostatic pressure at a depth corresponding to that

of the hydrofoil. Thus cavitation begins when

• Re-arranging
Hydrofoil Craft
•Cavitation
  on Hydrofoils
• Thus cavitation occurs at all velocities
• From the derived equation, to increase , it is necessary to increase that is, to immerse
the foil deeper in the water
• When cavitation bubbles are formed near to the surface of the foil they may be swept
downstream into the wake
• Some remain close to the foil and then collapse violently on reaching regions of higher
pressure, especially near the trailing edge of the foil
• Local instantaneous pressures may be as high as 400 Mpa (4000 atmosphere
pressure)
• It is shock waves that emanate from severe impact loading which cause widespread
erosion of the material forming struts and foils
Hydrofoil Craft
Cavitation on Hydrofoils
• Extensive structural vibration and considerable noise generation in addition to sudden
drop in lift and increase in drag occurs
• Instead of remaining individual, these bubbles often coalesce to form sheet enveloping
the complete suction surface of the foil
• Surface of the foil is no longer in direct contact with water. This condition is known as
super cavitation
Hydrofoil Craft
Ventilation on Hydrofoils
• The low pressures on the top of the surface of a hydrofoil may be sufficient to draw
the air-water interface to meet the foil
• Due to this, instead of the foil being submerged it gets substantially enveloped by air
and the contribution of lift by the suction pressure hence is almost totally lost
• This phenomenon is known as ventilation of hydrofoils due to entrainment of air
• Ventilation is not confined to foils operating in close proximity of the interface
• A sheet of air bubbles can form over aft part of the foil if a suitable path exists along
which air is drawn from the atmosphere
Hydrofoil Craft
Forces on Foil-Borne Vehicle
in Steady Motion
• Clearance between hull of craft and
water must be sufficiently great to avoid
contact
• Vehicle while maintaining a mean
clearance relative to still water level is
in a mode called platforming
• This generally requires continuous
adjustment of the foil incidence angles
as the craft proceeds at steady forward
velocity and a constant trim angle
Hydrofoil Craft
Forces on Foil-Borne Vehicle
in Steady Motion
• In reality, platforming occurs only in
calm waters
• In open waters, contouring or some
intermediate response will take place
• Ideally, the intermediate response is
sought so that the hull just misses the
crests yet the foil remain immersed at
the troughs
Hydrofoil Craft
Forces on Foil-Borne Vehicle in Steady Motion
• Practically, the foil borne state exists for relatively short periods of time
• Foils are used only as a ‘dash’ facility and for normal patrol duties a conventional
displacement mode is employed
• Hull shape is one designed for fast lift-off from the water and so is not necessarily
conducive to good low speed performance
• In displacement mode, the foil systems including struts may all be fully submerged
thus constituting a large increment of drag
• This appendage drag can be eliminated by incorporating retractable separate port
and starboard foils
Hydrofoil Craft
Forces on Foil-Borne Vehicle in Steady Motion
• The forces acting on a foil borne craft of simple fully submerged foil configuration
moving steadily forward is shown
Hydrofoil Craft
Forces on Foil-Borne Vehicle in Steady Motion
• The forces acting on a foil-borne craft of simple fully submerged foil configuration
moving steadily forward comprises of:
• The hull is supported clear of water by a foil forward of CG and foil abaft CG
• Assuming neglibile buoyancy forces due to foils and struts
• Hydrodynamic Lift forces on forward and aft hydrofoil systems are Lf and La
• Hydrodynamic Drag forces on fwd and aft hydrofoil systems are Df and Da
• Aerodynamic lift force Laero acting at aerodynamic center A of the hull
• Aerodynamic drag force Daero becomes appreciable at higher speed say 60 knots
Hydrofoil Craft
•Forces
  on Foil-Borne Vehicle in Steady Motion

Similarly

Taking clockwise moment positive

Out of experience it can be assumed that , and are more or less equal and and are
often small

The above equation is very crude and simple

Hydrofoil Craft
Forces on Foil-Borne Vehicle in Steady Motion
• The positioning of foils depends upon primarily on the ability to generate
supporting forces on the control of motion at transient and cruise speeds and on
the adjustment of trim angle
• Good manoeuvring capabilities demands that foil system should be located far
from G to produce bigger moment
• But large control forces on craft are normally avoided
• Consequently, one foil system develops, at high efficiency, a lift force which is
close to G and a large proportion of W
• The second foil system develops a small lift force at some distance from G and is
normally relatively inefficient lifting surface and is use for steerability – Canard
Configuartion
Hydrofoil Craft
Forces on Foil-Borne Vehicle in Steady Motion
• Fully submerged foils are less affected by moderate waves
• Since craft is inherently unstable in vertical plane, continuously operating
incidence control flaps must be incorporated in design to counter lift variation
effects
• Surface piercing foils are certainly affected by waves which results in harder ride
Hydrofoil Craft
•Forces
  on Foil-Borne Vehicle in Steady Motion – Equilibrium
state

That is (assuming small)

Thus for a given constant weight of vehicle, it is necessary to vary the product in
order to secure equilibrium at different forward speeds
Plan area of fully submerged foils S cannot be changed therefore we have to vary
the by changing incidence angles
Hydrofoil Craft
•Forces
  on Foil-Borne Vehicle in Steady Motion – Equilibrium
state
• If the foils are fixed relative to hull then changes of incidence angles results only
from changes in trim
• Clearly, only limited control can be achieved in this way to avoid passenger
discomfort at excessive trim and possibility of forward foil broaching the surface
• A better but more complicated method involves the adjustment of foils pivoted to
the struts
• The product can also be changed by varying S but keeping constant
• This is operating principle of step-ladder foils
Hydrofoil Craft
Hydrofoil Craft
Forces on Foil-Borne Vehicle in Steady Motion
• Surface piercing foil system has the advantage of good lateral stability and control
• Owing to the presence of dihedral/anhedral, quite large restoring forces come into
play should lateral disturbances arise
Hydrofoil Craft
Forces on Foil-Borne Vehicle in Steady Motion
• Only supporting struts provided lateral restoring forces for submerged foils unless
anhedral is incorporated
• Dihedral cannot be used otherwise broaching takes place when heeling during a
tight turn and the craft then experiences a sudden loss of lift