CH 1-

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
CLASS X
CHANGE IN STATE
 FORMATION OF PRECIPITATE

• When solution of silver nitrate is mixed with sodium chloride solution, precipitate of silver
chloride is formed.
 CHANGE IN COLOUR

• When iron is dipped in solution of copper sulphate solution, then blue colour of the solution
changes to light green coloured solution due to formation of iron sulphate solution.
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• Unbalanced Chemical Equation: 

• Example: Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2

Name of atom No. of atoms in the reactant No. of atoms in the product

Iron 1 3

Hydrogen 2 2

Oxygen 1 4
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2
Write the number of atoms of elements present in reactants and in products in a table as shown here.
Balance the atom which is maximum in number on either side of a chemical equation.

Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + H2

Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2

3 × Fe + 4 × H2O → Fe3O4 + 4 × H2
Now the number of atoms of each element becomes equal on both sides. Thus, this equation becomes a
balanced equation.

After balancing, the above equation can be written as follows:

3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2.
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS

Name of atom No. of atoms in the reactant No. of atoms in the product

Iron 3 3

Hydrogen 8 8

Oxygen 4 4

After balancing, the above equation can be written

as follows:
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2.
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• To Make Equations More Informative:

Writing the symbols of physical states of substances in a chemical equation:

•
By writing the physical states of substances, a chemical equation becomes more informative.

 Gaseous state is represented by symbol (g).

 Liquid state is represented by symbol (l).
 Solid state is written by symbol (s).
 Aqueous solution is written by symbol (aq).
 Writing the condition in which reaction takes place: The condition is generally written above
and/or below the arrow of a chemical equation.
• Thus, by writing the symbols of the physical state of substances and condition under which
reaction takes place, a chemical equation can be made more informative.
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• 1. Why should a magnesium ribbon be cleaned before burning in air?
• 2. Write the balanced equation for the following chemical reactions.
(i) Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride
(ii) Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride
(iii) Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
• 3. Write a balanced chemical equation with state symbols for the following reactions.
(i) Solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate in water react to give insoluble barium
sulphate and the solution of sodium chloride.
(ii) Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to
produce sodium chloride solution and water.
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• 5. Translate the following statements into chemical equations and then balance them. (a)
Hydrogen gas combines with nitrogen to form ammonia.
• (b) Hydrogen sulphide gas burns in air to give water and sulpur dioxide.
• (c) Barium chloride reacts with aluminium sulphate to give aluminium chloride and a precipitate
of barium sulphate.
• (d) Potassium metal reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• 6. Balance the following chemical equations.
• (a) HNO3 +Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
• (b) NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O
• (c) NaCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + NaNO3
• (d) BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + HCl
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• 7. Write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions.
• (a) Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate + Water
• (b) Zinc + Silver nitrate → Zinc nitrate + Silver
• (c) Aluminium + Copper chloride → Aluminium chloride + Copper
• (d) Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Potassium chloride
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS

• Types of Chemical Reactions:

•  Combination Reaction,
• Decomposition Reaction, Displacement Reaction,
• Double Displacement Reaction,
• Neutralization Reactions,
• Exothermic – Endothermic Reactions and
• Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• (i) Combination Reaction:

•  Reactions in which two or more reactants combine to form one single product are called Combination
Reactions.
A general combination reaction can be represented by the chemical equation given here:
A + B → AB
Examples:
When magnesium is burnt in the air (oxygen), magnesium oxide is formed. In this reaction, magnesium is
combined with oxygen.
Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Magnesium + Oxygen → Magnesium Oxide

• When carbon is burnt in oxygen (air), carbon dioxide is formed. In this reaction, carbon is combined with oxygen.
C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• Calcium oxide reacts vigorously with water to produce slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) releasing
a large amount of heat.

• CaO(s) + H2 O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq)

slaked lime produced above is used for white washing walls.
Calcium hydroxide reacts slowly with the carbon dioxide in air to form a thin layer of calcium
carbonate on the walls. Calcium carbonate is formed after two to three days of white washing and
gives a shiny finish to the walls.
marble is also CaCO3.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• ii) Decomposition Reaction:

•  Reactions in which one compound decomposes in two or more compounds or elements are
known as Decomposition Reaction. A decomposition reaction is just the opposite of combination
reaction.
A general decomposition reaction can be represented as follows :
AB → A + B
Examples:
When calcium carbonate is heated, it decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s)  heat−→− CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Calcium carbonate → Calcium oxide + Carbon dioxide

• When ferric hydroxide is heated, it decomposes into ferric oxide and water
2Fe(OH)3(s)  △→  Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• Thermal Decomposition: 

The decomposition of a substance on heating is known as Thermal Decomposition.

Example:

2Pb(NO3)2(s)  heat−→  2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

2FeSO4(s) ⎯ → Heat Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

 CLASS X
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
Electrolytic Decomposition: Reactions in which compounds decompose into simpler compounds because of
passing of electricity, are known as Electrolytic Decomposition. This is also known as Electrolysis.
Example: When electricity is passed in water, it decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen.
2H2O(l) ----- 2H2(g) + O2(g)
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
 CH1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

Photolysis or Photo Decomposition Reaction: 

Reactions in which a compound decomposes because of sunlight are known as Photolysis or Photo
Decomposition Reaction.

Example: When silver chloride is put in sunlight, it decomposes into silver metal and chlorine gas.
2AgCl(s) (white)  Sunlight−→  2Ag(s) (grey) + Cl2(g)
Photographic paper has a coat of silver chloride, which turns into grey when exposed to sunlight

2 AgBr(s) (yellow) Sunlight → 2Ag(s) + Br2(g)

used in black and white photography.

 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• Reactions in which heat is released along with the formation of products are called
exothermic chemical reactions.

examples –

(i) Burning of natural gas

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)

( ii) respiration

C6H12O6 ( aq) + 6O2 (aq) → 6CO2(aq) + 6H2O(l) + energy

(iii) The decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is also an example of an exothermic reaction.
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS:

• REACTION BETWEEN
• barium hydroxide AND ammonium chloride
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS : A reaction in which more reactive metal displaces a less
reactive metal from its aqueous salt solution , is known as displacement reaction.

• Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

• Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)→ ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
• Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq) → PbCl2(aq) + Cu(s)
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION :

• The reactions in which there is an exchange of ions between the reactants in their aqueous
solutions are called double displacement reactions.

Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2NaCl(aq)

• When precipitate is formed in such reactions , it is called precipitation reaction.

 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTIONS ( REDOX REACTIONS)

• 2Cu + O2 ⎯→ Heat 2CuO

If hydrogen gas is passed over this heated material (CuO), the black coating on the surface turns
brown as the reverse reaction takes place and copper is obtained.

CuO + H2 - Cu + H2 O
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• HAVE YOU OBSERVED THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATION REACTIONS IN EVERYDAY
LIFE? Y LIFE?

• Corrosion

When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as moisture, acids, etc., it is said to corrode
due to which it loses its shine or luster and this process is called corrosion. The black coating on
silver and the green coating on copper are also examples of corrosion.

Corrosion in case of iron is called rusting.

 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
• Rancidity

• When fats and oils containing food are oxidised, they become rancid and their smell and taste change.

• Usually substances which prevent oxidation (antioxidants) are added to foods containing fats and oil.

• Keeping food in air tight containers helps to slow down oxidation.

• chips manufacturers usually flush bags of chips with gas such as nitrogen to prevent the chips from
getting oxidised .
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
NCERT EXERCISES
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
NCERT EXERCISES
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
NCERT EXERCISES
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
NCERT EXERCISES
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
EXTRA QUESTIONS
• Questions:-
• Q1: On heating blue coloured powder of copper(II) nitrate in a boiling tube, copper
oxide (black), oxygen gas and a brown gas ‘X’ is formed. Write a balanced chemical
equation of the reaction. Identify the brown gas ‘X’ evolved and the type of chemical
reaction.
• Q2: On adding dilute HCl to CuO powder, the solution formed is blue green.
Predict the new compound formed which imparts a blue- green colour to the
solution..
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
EXTRA QUESTIONS
Q3: Give the one word answer for the following-
1. Common name of Calcium oxide.
2. Chemical formula of the compound formed on oxidation of copper.
3. Process of decomposition using light.
4. Coloured gas evolved by the decomposition of lead nitrate.
5. Name and colour of the residue obtained by the decomposition of ferrous sulphate.
6. Process involving addition of hydrogen to a substance.
7. Reactions involving exchange of ions between the reactants.
8. Chemical substance obtained by the addition of water to quicklime
 CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
EXTRA QUESTIONS

Q4. Identify the substance getting oxidized and reduced in the

following reactions.
1. 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
2. MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
3. PbO2 + 4HCl PbCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS
EXTRA QUESTIONS
• Q5.You are provided with two containers made up of copper and aluminium. You are
also provided with solutions of dilute HNO 3, zinc chloride and H2O. In which of the
above containers these solutions can be kept?
• Q6.Mention at least three characteristic features to prove that a chemical reaction has
taken place.
• Q7. Kusum took a pale green substance A in a test tube and heated it over the flame of
a burner . A brown coloured residue B was formed along with the evolution of two
gases with burning smell of sulphur. Identify A and B and write the chemical reactions
involved.

• 
CH 1: CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
EQUATIONS