The Circulatory System

By:
KARAN ARORA IX-B
 The Circulatory System
The function of a circulatory system is to carry
blood or hemolymph into close contact with every
cell in the body.
The most sophisticated circulatory systems
consist of:
one or more pumps called hearts
arteries (tough, thick-walled tubes) that carry
blood away from the heart under high
pressure;
small vessels called capillaries whose walls are
just one cell thick, allows the exchange of
gases and other molecules with tissues in
networks called capillary beds; and
vessels called veins that return blood to the
heart under low pressure
Functions of the Circulatory System

• Transport oxygen to cells

• Transport nutrients from
the digestive system to
body cells
• Transport hormones to
body cells
• Transport waste from body
cells to excretory organs
• Distribute body heat
How Are Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide Transported in Blood?

• Blood : connective tissue that consists

of cells in a watery extracellular
matrix called plasma
• Remainder of the blood is made up of
formed elements: platelets, red blood
cells, and several types of white blood
cells:
• Platelets : Cell fragments that
minimize blood loss from ruptured
blood vessels by releasing material
that assists in the formation of clots
• White blood cells: which are part of
the immune system fight infections
 RBCs

Red blood cells (RBCs):

transport oxygen from the lungs
to tissues throughout the body
critical role in transporting
carbon dioxide from tissues to
lungs
In humans, red blood cells
make up 99.9% of the
formed elements.
contain an oxygen-carrying
molecule called hemoglobin
Circulation
 How Does the Heart Work?
In animals with closed circulatory
systems, the heart contains at least two
chambers.

the atrium receives blood returning

from circulation
the ventricle generates force to propel
the blood through the system.

Atria are separated from ventricles by

atrioventricular valves.

The number of distinct heart chambers

has increased as vertebrates
diversified.
 How Does the Heart Work?

Vertebrates evolved two separate pumping

circuits:
The pulmonary circulation is a lower-
pressure circuit to the lungs.
The systemic circulation is a higher-
pressure circuit to the rest of the body.
Components of the Human
Circulatory System

The Heart
Blood Vessels
Blood
Lymphatic Vessels
Lymph
 Types of Blood Vessels
Capillaries:
smallest vessels
the site where gases, nutrients,
and wastes are exchanged
between the blood and other
tissues

The smallest veins are venules;

carry blood back to the heart
after it passes through the
capillaries
veins have much thinner walls
and much larger interior
diameters than arteries
Location of Heart
Pericardial Cavity
Layers of Cardiac Tissue
Visceral pericardium
• Outer protective layer composed of a
serous membrane
• Includes blood capillaries, lymph
capillaries, and nerve fibers.
Myocardium
• Relatively thick.
• Consists largely of cardiac muscle tissue
responsible for forcing blood out of the
heart chambers.
• Muscle fibers are arranged in planes,
separated by connective tissues that are
richly supplied with blood capillaries, and
nerve fibers.
Endocardium
Consists of epithelial and connective
tissue that contains many elastic
and collagenous fibers.
Connective tissue also contains blood
vessels and some specialized
cardiac muscle fibers called
Purkinje fibers.
Lines all of the heart chambers and
covers heart valves.
Heart Anatomy
 The Human Heart

The human circulatory system returns oxygen-

depleted blood from the body to the right
atrium of the heart through two large veins
the inferior and superior venae cavae.
When the right atrium contracts:
deoxygenated blood is sent to the right
ventricle
it contracts and sends blood out to the lungs
via the pulmonary artery
One-way valves ensure that blood follows
only this path. After blood has circulated
through the capillary beds in the lung’s
alveoli:
it becomes oxygenated
returns to the heart through the pulmonary
veins
 The Human Heart
The Human Heart
The oxygenated blood enters the left
atrium:
it contracts and pushes the blood
into the left ventricle
The contraction of the left ventricle
sends oxygenated blood at high
pressure out the aorta and into:
the arteries
capillaries
veins
forms the systemic circulation
Heart Anatomy
Heart Anatomy
Valves
 Heart Valves
pulmonary semi
lunar valve aortic semi lunar
valve

bicuspid valve

tricuspid valve
The Cardiac Cycle

The contraction phase of the

atria and the ventricles:
called systole
is coordinated with their
relaxation phase
called diastole

A cardiac cycle:
consists of one complete
systole and one complete
diastole
systolic blood pressure :
blood pressure measured
in the systemic arterial
circulation at the peak of
ventricular ejection into
the aorta

diastolic blood pressure:

blood pressure measured
just prior to ventricular
ejection
Contraction cycle of the heart
Contraction Cycle of the Heart
Contraction Cycle of the Heart
 Excitation of the Heart

Depolarization of the
 Excitation of the Heart

Depolarization of the ventricles

Excitation of the Heart
Excitation of the Heart
Circulatory System -Gross and Cool Facts!
• The body of an adult contains
over 60,000 miles of blood
vessels!
• An adult's heart pumps nearly
4000 gallons of blood each day!
• Your heart beats some 30
million times a year!
• The average three-year-old has
two pints of blood in their
body; the average adult at least
five times more!
• A "heartbeat" is really the
sound of the valves in the heart
closing as they push blood
through its chambers.
Thank You