Muslim Rule in sub continent

Arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim (712AD)

 The foundation of Muslim rule in India was laid by Shabab-ud-Din Ghori towards
the close of the 12th century A.D. However, long before that Muslims had started
making attempts to enter India.
 The first such attempt was made in the start of the 7th century A.D. which
however, proved a failure.
 The Arabs under Muhammad- bin-Qasim, nephew of the Governor of Basra
entered India and conquered Sindh and Multan in 712 AD
Muhammad bin QASIM administration

 Besides being a great general, Muhammad bin Qasim was also an excellent
administrator. He established peace and order as well as a good administrative
structure in the areas he conquered. He was a kind hearted and religious person.
He had great respect for other religions. Hindu and Buddhist spiritual leaders were
given stipends during his rule. The poor people of the land were greatly impressed
by his policies and a number of them embraced Islam. Those who stuck to their old
religions erected statues in his honor and started worshiping him after his
departure from their land.
 Non-Muslim natives were excused from military service and from payment of the
religiously mandated tax system levied upon Muslims called Zakat, the tax system
levied upon them instead was the jizya - a progressive tax, being heavier on the
upper classes and light for the poor.
Mahmud GHZNAVI 1010

 The next attempt to capture India was made by the Turks of Ghazni. Subuktgin
and his son Mahmud (995—1030) attacked Punjab which was then ruled by the
Shahi dynasty. Subuktgin defeated the Shahi ruler Jaipal and deprived him of his
trans Indus territory. The rest of the territories of Jaipal were wrested by his son
Mahmud.

 Mahmud in all conducted seventeen raids against northern India and carried away
huge booty. Though these invasions of Mahmud were barren of any political
results, yet they exposed the political and military weaknesses of India to the
Muslim world.
 Mahmud of Ghazni is the founder of Lahore.
Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

 The credit for laying firm foundation of the Muslim rule in India goes to Shahab ud
Din Ghori. Shahab-ud-Din Ghori seized the throne of Ghazni in 1173. After
consolidating his position, he turned his attention towards the fertile plains of
India.
 After the death of Shahb ud deen gori,his viceroy ,Kutub ud deen Aibek set upslave
dynasty in India in 1206,
 From 1206-1526,almost 31 rulers of 5 dynasties ruled india .They are called
sulateen e Dehli.
End of Delhi sultanate 1526

 Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated by Babur in 1526 at the historic battle of Panipat.
 This marked the end of the Sultanate of Delhi and the beginning of the Mughal rule
in India.
Establishment of Mughal Rule:
(1526-1857)

 After defeating Ibrahim Lodhi, Babur, a prince of Farghana, established the

Mughal rule in India.
 His successor Humayun could not consolidate his hold in northern India and was
defeated by the famous Afghan ruler Sher khan.
 Sher Khan founded the Suri Dynasty in 1540. He provided a sound system of civil
administration and introduced a number of original land reforms, works for public
utility. He followed the policy of tolerance and justice and earned reputation as a
great ruler. However, his dynasty did not last long because his successors were very
weak. This was fully exploited by Humayun to regain his kingdom after 15 years of
exile in Persia.
 Humayun’s son Akbar put the Mughal rule in India on firm footing. He defeated
the great , at the battle of Panipat in 1556. Akbar also annexed large number of
territories established his sway over the whole of northern India , Akbar tried to
project himself as a national ruler.
 He followed a policy of reli­gious tolerance towards Hindus and abolished pilgrim
tax and poll taxes. He introduced a number of social reforms and improved the
revenue administration.
 Jahangir who succeeded Akbar followed the policy laid down by his father.
 However, during his times the Persian influence greatly increased because of Nur
Jahan.
 Shah Jahan, the next ruler waged successful struggle against the Deccan . Under
him also the national character of the state was maintained. His reign also
witnessed the construction of some of the marvelous buildings of the Mughal
period.
 Aurangzeb who ascended the throne after imprisoning Shah Jahan reversed the
policy of Akbar and tried to establish an Islamic stale. He adopted an all out anti-
Hindu policy and re-imposed various taxes on the Hindus which were abolished by
Akbar.
End of Mughal Empire

 The successors of Aurangzeb were very weak and the Mughal Empire continued to
decline under them. The Mughal Empire came to an end in 1857 when the British
deposed Bahadur Shah the last Mughal ruler.