Network Network Concepts

Management
and Analysis 01 Network Classification
Peer-to-peer, client-server

02 Network Types
LAN, MAN, WAN

03 Network Topologies
Bus, Star, Ring

04 Transmission Media
Wired, Wireless
Network Network Concepts
Management
and Analysis 05 Network Hardware
NIC, Hub, Switch, Bridge, Router, Gateway

06 OSI Model and TCP/IP Model

07 Network Development
Lifecycle
 Network management is defined as the process
of managing a network for fault and performance

The objective of network management is to

achieve an error free network.

Services provided are fault analysis, performance

management of networks and quality of service.
01 Network Classification
• Models vary according to:
Computer positioning
Control levels over shared resources
Communication and resource sharing schemes
• Network models
Peer-to-peer
Client-server

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Peer-to-peer
• Peer to peer network each
computer can function as both
client and server.
• Each computer is responsible for
setting up and maintaining its
own security for these
resources.
• Each computer is responsible for
accessing the required network
resources from peer to peer
relationships.
Peer-to-peer
Advantages Disadvantages
• Use less expensive components • Insecure
• Easy to administer and to setup • No central point of storage or
• No Network Operating System file archiving
(NOS) is required • No central point to maintain
version control
• #NOS – UNIX, LINUX, WINDOWS • #windows 3.1, windows 7,
SERVER windows 10
Client-server
• Server
Central computer
Facilitates communication and resource sharing
• Clients
Personal computers
Also known as workstations
• Central resource sharing controlled by server
Sharing data, storage space, devices
No direct sharing of client resources

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Client-server
• Computer roles
• Server
• Clients
• Run local applications
• Store data locally
• Use server shared applications, data,
devices
• Use server as intermediary
• Communication
• Switches or routers

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Client-server
Advantages Disadvantages
• User credential assigned from one • Complex design and
place
maintenance
• Multiple shared resource access
centrally controlled
• Central problem monitoring,
diagnostics, correction capabilities
• Optimized to handle heavy processing
loads
• Connect many computers on a network
• Scalable
02 Network Types
• Personal Area Network (PAN)
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
Network Types; Size and Area

….?...
MAN
PAN
……?.....
Personal
area
network
LAN, MAN and WAN
• LAN covers clients and servers,
typically a single building such as
school. WLAN = wireless LAN
• LAN is the smallest network
compared to other two networks.
For example LAN is to connect two
computers together
• LAN is very high speed network
LAN
(from previously 10Mbps) to
100Mbps, which is faster than
2
MAN and WAN 1
LAN, MAN and WAN
• MAN covers clients and servers
from multiple buildings.
• MAN uses different transmission
media and technology than LAN
LAN, MAN, and WAN
• WAN covers two or more A
geographically distinct LANs or
MANs
• WAN uses different transmission
A B
methods and media than LAN LAN A
• The largest WAN in the world is B
LAN B
the Internet

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LAN, MAN and WAN
Criteria LAN MAN WAN
Cost Low High Highest
Size Small Large Largest
Speed Fastest Faster Fast
Transmission Twisted pair Twisted pair & Fiber-optic
Media cable Fiber-optic cable, radio
cable wave, satellite
Number of Small group of Large group of Largest group
computer computers computers of computers
03 Network Topologies :
• A topology describes how the parts of a whole work together.
• physical topology – physical topology refer to the physical layout of
the devices on the network
• logical topology—Logical topology refer to the how hosts access the
medium to communicate across the network
Network Topologies
Network topologies:
1. Bus
2. Star
3. Ring
4. Hybrid
Bus topology
Use: This topology is useful
A in LANs. It does not rely on
central host. This network can
still function if one of the
computers malfunctions.
Other advantages: easy to
B wire, quick response, less
expensive

Problem: The main disadvantage is bad connection to

the cable can bring down the entire network.
Another problem: collision occurs when 2 nodes
send messages simultaneously.
Bus topology
• In bus network, all stations are attached to a single cable. It is passive
topology.
• Advantages: Easy to wire, quick response, less expensive, and if one
station dies, it has no effect on the total network.
• Disadvantage: However bad connection to the cable can short it and
bring down the entire network
Ring topology
1 Use: This topology is useful
in LANs. It does not rely on
central host.

Clock-wise
4

Problems:
The connecting wire, cable, or optical fiber
forms a closed loop. Data are passed along the
ring from one computer to another.
Ring topology
• Ring network consists of nodes that are joined by point-to-point connection to
form a closed loop or ring.
• The transmitted signal is regenerated at each node.
• It is active topology
Advantages
• The most important advantage of this network is its point-to-point connections.
Disadvantages:
• Drawback of ring network is its large diameter.
• If diameter of a network is high, the number of edges involved in each
communication will also be very high resulting in high signal attenuation.
Star topology
Use: This topology is useful for
A
applications where processing must
be centralized and some can be
performed locally.
XX

Problems:
All communication pass through the
central computer. The communications
in the network will stop if the host
computer stops functioning.
Star topology
• In star network, each station is connected via
a point-to-point link to a central point. A
• This central point is called hub, multi port
repeater, or concentrator.
• The central point may be “passive”, “active”,
or “intelligent”.
• A passive hub simply connects the arms of a
star, no signal regeneration is performed. B

• An active hub is like a passive hub, except

that it regenerates signals.
• Intelligent hubs not only regenerate signals
but also perform activities such as intelligent
path selection and network management.
Star topology
Advantage:
The main advantage of the star architecture over the bus is fault tolerant

Disadvantage:
Since all information in a star network goes through a central point, stars are easy
to troubleshoot.
 Your Picture Here Your Picture Here

Pure bus, ring, star topologies

Rarely exist because too
restrictive
Hybrid topology
Complex combination of pure
topologies
04 Transmission media
Transmission
media

Guided Unguided
(Wire) (Wireless)

Twisted-pair
Coaxial cable Fiber optic Free space
cable

Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

Shielded twisted Pair (STP)

Coaxial Cable
• Central metal core (often
copper) surrounded by:
• Insulator
• Braided metal shielding (braiding
or shield)
• Outer cover (sheath or jacket)

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STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
interference

• Individually insulated
• Surrounded by metallic
substance shielding (foil)
• Barrier to external
electromagnetic forces
• Contains electrical energy of
signals inside

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UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
• One or more insulated wire pairs
• Encased in plastic sheath computer
• No additional shielding A
• Less expensive, less noise
resistance

switch

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Figure TIA/EIA 568A standard terminations Figure TIA/EIA 568B standard terminations

Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage Learning Courtesy Course Technology/Cengage

Learning

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Terminating Twisted Pair Cable (cont’d.)
• Straight-through cable
• Terminate RJ-45 plugs at both ends identically
• Crossover cable
• Transmit and receive wires on one end reversed

Figure RJ-45 terminations on a

crossover cable
Courtesy Course
Technology/Cengage Learning

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Fiber-Optic Cable
• Plastic buffer outside cladding
• Protects cladding and core
• Opaque to absorb escaping light
• Surrounded by Kevlar (polymeric
fiber) strands
• Plastic sheath covers Kevlar
strands

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05 Network Hardware = connect computer to the
network
• NICs (Network Interface Cards): Enable an node to receive and
transmit data over the network media. transceiver

• It contains:
Transceiver: Transmits and receives data
• NICs belong to Physical layer and Data Link layer
Issue data signals
Assemble and disassemble data frames
Interpret physical addressing information
Determine right to transmit data
diassemble assemble

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Repeaters and Hubs
• Repeaters
Operate in Physical OSI model layer
No means to interpret data
Regenerate signal
Contains one input port and one output port
• Hub
Repeater with more than one output port
Typically contains multiple data ports
Operate at the Physical layer

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Bridges
• Devices that connect two network segments
• Analyze incoming frames (IPv4 address, MAC address)
Make decisions on where to direct them based on each frame’s MAC address
• Operate at Data Link OSI model layer
• Single input and single output ports
• Filtering database
Contains known MAC addresses and network locations

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Bridges MAC address : 9302-ABC-456465
IPv4 address : 192.2.108.2

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Switches Router

• Connectivity devices that subdivide a network Switch A

Segments
• Traditional switches
Operate at Data Link OSI model layer Switch B
• Modern switches
Can operate at Layer 3 or Layer 4
• Switches interpret MAC address information

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Routers
• Multiport connectivity device
Directs data between network nodes
Integrates LANs and WANs running
• Different transmission speeds, protocols
• Operate at Network layer (Layer 3) (IPv4 address)
Directs data from one segment or network to another
Logical addressing
• Slower than switches and bridges

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Router Characteristics and Functions
• Router capabilities
Connect dissimilar networks types
Interpret Layer 3 addressing
Determine best data path between two nodes
Reroute traffic

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Router Characteristics and Functions
• Static routing
Router configured by administrator to use specific path between nodes
• Dynamic routing
Automatically calculates best path between nodes
• Routing Protocols
• Best path
Most efficient route from one node to another
Determined by routing protocol
• Router convergence time
Time router takes to recognize best path
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Figure The placement of routers on a LAN

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Gateways and Other Multifunction Devices
• Gateway = door of network
Combination of networking hardware and software
Connects two systems using different formatting, communications protocols.
Resides on servers, microcomputers, connectivity devices, mainframes
• Popular gateways = door
E-mail gateway, Internet gateway, LAN gateway, voice/data gateway, firewall

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 1 2
06 OSI Model and TCP/IP Model
HI

Comparison of OSI Model and TCP/IP Model

The OSI Model
• Model for understanding and developing network computer-to-
computer communications
• Developed by ISO in the 1980s
• Divides network communications into seven layers
Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application

Network+ Guide to Networks, 6 th Edition 45

TCP/IP Model
• Developed by United States Department of Defense ARPANET (1960s)
• TCP/IP
Open
• Costs nothing to use
Flexible
• Runs on virtually any platform
• Connects dissimilar operating systems and devices
Routable
• Transmissions carry Network layer addressing information
• Suitable for large networks
• Four layers
Application layer, Transport layer, Internet layer, Network interface layer (or Link layer)

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07 Network Development Lifecycle
• The network development
life cycle is a logical
framework in dynamic
network design A

B
Network Development Lifecycle
Management Analysis
Managing a network for Understand business needs
fault and performance and processing needs

Monitoring Design
Monitoring performance of Define solution system based
network on requirement and analysis
decision

Implementation Simulation/Implementation
Construct, test, train users, Design
install new system
System Development : Process and Product