Mechanical Shovel

Project
ENGINEERING
PHYSICS

BY: PARTH PANCHAL AND

JAY BHATT
INTRODUCTION:

 A mechanical shovel is one of the

machinery that can be used for earth
moving related works.
 The mechanical shovel is a modified
shovel than can move tones of stuff.
 This mechanical shovel is also a part
significant part of heavy construction
machines such as JCBs, diggers, and
excavators.
 The mechanical shovel used in heavy
construction vehicles.
USES:

 To Digging of trenches, holes, foundations

 Material handling
 Brush cutting with hydraulic saw and mower
attachments
 Forestry work
 Forestry mulching
 Mining
 Snow removal
 DESIGN:
 Three main parts; boom, arm, and
bucket.
 Three cylinders to control the
movement.
 Micro-gear motor is used.
 Nuts and bolt help to
convert the rotational
motion to forward and
backward motion of the
cylinder.

Cylinders:
Kinematics behind the design:

The system has five

links starting from the
base link, swing link,
boom link, dipper link,
and bucket link.

The schematic side view

is depicted here.
 Putting everything together:
 The successful working of this model is based mainly on two principles
of physics; rotational kinematics and magnetic effect of current.
 Firstly, we started to design the exterior parts.
 Designing the cylinder and implementing it.
 Then we used nuts and bolts which act as joints of the model.
 To power the model, we are using USB connecters, that can be either
connected to laptop or a DC charger.
 According to the D-H convention, z-axis
of the local coordinate system for each
link is chosen to be in the direction of
rotation of a revolute joint, and x-axis is
set to point the other joint in the same
link. Then, the direction of y-axis is
defined according to the right-hand rule.
 So, once we obtain the fixed cartesian
coordinate system, we can calculate the
positions and orientations of the links
using Denavit-Hartenberg convention.
 Since, we have four links in this model,
Denavit-Hartenberg (D-H) parameters
allow us to determine position and
orientation between two coordinate
frames in space.
MATERIALS USED:

 Arduino Uno
 L298n circuit
 Arduino Joystick
 BO motor
 Micro gear Motor
 10 RPM DC motor
 4mm Medium Density fibrewood (MDF) Sheets
 Nut-Bolt
Problems:

 Performances of this machinery are

limited.
 Heading to our project,
Lack of knowledge of Arduino and
zero experience of coding,
Pandemic,
material choosing and availability.
RLC circuit Project
ENGINEERING
PHYSICS

BY: PARTH PANCHAL AND

JAY BHATT
Introduction:

 The RLC circuit is a fundamental

building block of many electronic
devices. It consists of the three
elements:
 the resistance R,
 the inductance L,
 and the capacitance C.
RESISTANCE:

 Resistance is a measure of the

opposition to current flow in an
electrical circuit. And resistors are
the material whose property to
oppose the floe of electron is used in
a circuit is known as a Resistor.
 According to Ohm’s law, the current
flowing in a material is inversely
proportional to its material when the
voltage is constant. This law is
expressed as V=IR.
Inductance:

 Inductance is the tendency of an

electrical conductor to oppose a
change in the electric current
flowing through it.
 Inductance is defined as the ratio
of the induced voltage to the rate of
change of current causing it.
Capacitance

 The capacitance C is the ratio of

the amount of charge q on either
conductor to the potential
difference V between the
conductors, or
 simply C = q/V.
RLC circuit frequency

 The resonant frequency of the RLC circuit is a natural frequency with which the
current in the circuit changes in time. This nature of frequency is determined by
the capacitance C and the inductance L. The resistance R is responsible for losses
of energy which are present in every real-world situation. If we try to push
through the circuit a signal with a frequency different from the natural, such a
signal is damped. You can compute the resonant frequency of the RLC circuit
with the equation f = 1 / [2π * √(L * C)]
Q of the RLC circuit

 The first characteristic number of the RLC circuit is the natural frequency. The
second is the Q-factor. Q-factor determines how good is the circuit.
 The formula for the Q-factor of the RLC circuit is
 Q = 1/R * √(L/C)
Analysis:

 Individual voltage drops across each circuit

element of R, L and C element will be defined
with each other by:
i(t) = Imax sin(ωt)
 For the RLC circuit, the amplitude of the
source voltage across all three components
in a series RLC circuit is made up of the
three individual component voltages, VR,
VL and VC with the current common to all
three components. The vector diagrams will
therefore have the current vector as their
reference with the three voltage vectors
being plotted with respect to this reference
as shown below.
 The Impedance of a Series RLC Circuit
 The effect of a practical (real) inductor in
limiting the flow of current is not solely due to
the back emf effect that gives rise to the
inductive reactance XL. But is also partly due
to the internal resistance of the inductor. As
these two causes, occurring in the same
component, cannot be physically separated, it
is often essential to consider the combined
effects of both reactance and resistance on the
current through the inductor.
 Using all the theoretical knowledge, the above-mentioned formulae, the knowledge of C++
programming, we created a programme which can calculate angular frequency, capacitive reactant(Xc),
inductive reactant(Xl), total RLC impendence and quality factor.
 Problems faced:
 Lack of coding experience.
 Understanding the formulae and keeping everything together.
 The RLC circuits applications:
 Radio receivers and television.
 Maintaining voltage profile
 neutral grounding of generator/power
transformer
 Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) bulbs

 capacitor bank.
 In all these applications, the resonant
frequency of the RLC circuit is its chief
characteristic.
Thank you..
Have a nice day!!!