SRI PARAMAKALYANI COLLEGE

REACCREDITED WITH B GRADE WITH A CGPA OF 2.71 IN THE SECOND CYCLE OF NAAC
AFFILIATED TO MANOMANIUM SUNDARANAR UNIVERSITY, TIRUNELVELI.
ALWARKURICHI 627 412, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
POST GRADUATE & RESEARCH CENTRE
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
(Government Aided)
ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-2022
I SEM CORE: MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM - (ZMBM13)
UNIT- 2
EMP,ED AND GLYOXYLATE CYCLE

K.JANAKI SUJITHA
SUBMITTED TO
REG NO:20211232516111
GUIDE:
I M.SC MICROBIOLOGY
DR.S.VISWANATHAN
ASSIGNED ON: 05/12/2021
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR & HEAD
TAKEN ON:13/01/2022
GLYCOLYSIS
SYNOPSIS:
GYLCOLYSIS (EMP) pathway:

1.Introduction

2.Cycle

3.Steps

4.Outcome
Introduction:

• Glycolysis is also known as Embden-Meyerhof pathway

• It takes place in cytoplasm of the cell

• Glycolysis is defined as the sequence of reactions converting glycose to pyruvate

or lactate with the production of ATP

• It occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) or in presence of oxygen (aerobic)

• Lactate is the end product under anaerobic condition

• In aerobic condition, pyruvate is formed, which is then oxidized to CO2 & H20.
• It is a sequence of 10 reaction involving 10 intermediate compounds

• It involves 2 phases

* Preparatory phase

* Payoff phase

• PHASE 1 – Preparatory

It consists of the first 5 steps.

In these case reaction, glucose is Enzymatically phosphorylated by ATP (first at carbon 6

and later at carbon 1) to yield fructose 1,6 diphosphate which is then split in half to yield
2 moles of the 3-carbon compound, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Phase 2 – payoff

The last 5 step process of glycolysis.

It result in the production of ATP and NAD is reduced to NADH . the net energy yield from glycolysis per glycose
molecule is 2 ATP and 2 NADH.

Substrate level phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is produced from the transfer of a phosphate group
from a substrate molecule in a metabolic pathway.

The overall reaction is:

Glucose ​+2ADP +2pi +2NAD→2pyruvate ​+2ATP +2NADH2 +2H +2H2O
STEP 1: Phosphorylation of glucose

• This reaction requires energy and so it

is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP to
ADP and Pi.

• Enzyme: hexokinase.

• This step is irreversible.

The conversion of glucose is

phosphorylated (addition of phosphate
group) to glucose 6 phosphate by the
enzyme hexokinase with the help of
ATP .
STEP 2 : Isomerization of glucose 6 phosphate

Isomerization of glucose-6-
phosphate to fructose 6-
phosphate. The aldose sugar is
converted into the keto isoform.

Enzyme: phosphoglucomutase.

• This is a reversible reaction.

This reaction involves a shift of the

carbonyl oxygen from C1 to C2, thus
converting an aldose into a ketose.
STEP 3:Phosphorylation of Fructose 6 phosphate
Phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group on
C1 forming fructose-1,6- bisphosphate

Enzyme: phosphofructokinase.

Reaction is coupled to the hydrolysis of

an ATP to ADP and Pi.

This is the second irreversible reaction

of the glycolytic pathway.

The phosphofructokinase is called as

“pace maker “ of glycolysis.
STEP 4: Cleavage of Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split
into 2 3-carbon molecules, one
aldehyde and one ketone:
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
(DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate (GAP).

• The enzyme is aldolase.

STEP 5 : Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate

The enzyme triosphosphate

isomerase rapidly inter- converts the
molecules dihydroxyacetone
phosphate (DHAP) and
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP).

Glyceraldehyde phosphate is used

in next step of Glycolysis.
STEP 6: Oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde3-
phosphate

GAP is dehydrogenated by the enzyme

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
(GAPDH).

In the process, NAD+ is reduced to NADH + .

Oxidation is coupled to the phosphorylation
of the C1 carbon.

The product is 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

STEP 7: Transfer of phosphate from 1,3-DPG to ADP

Phosphoglycerate kinase
transfers a phosphate group
from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
to ADP to form ATP and 3-
phosphoglycerate.

Product: 3-phosphoglycerate.

Enzyme : phosphoglycerate
kinase
STEP 8: Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate

The phosphate shifts from C3 to C2

to form 2- phosphoglycerate.

Enzyme : phosphoglycerate mutase

The enzyme phosphoglycerate

mutase relocates the P from 3-
phosphoglycerate from the 3rd
carbon to the 2nd carbon to form 2-
phosphoglycerate.
STEP 9: Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate

A water molecule is removed to form

phosphoenolpyruvate which has a
double bond between C2 and C3.

Enzyme : Enolase

The enzyme enolase removes a

molecule of water from 2-
phosphoglycerate to form
phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP).
STEP 10 : Transfer of Phosphate from PEP to ADP
Enol phosphate is a high energy bond. It
is hydrolyzed to form the enolic form of
pyruvate with the synthesis of ATP.

It is a irreversible reaction.

Enzyme : pyruvate kinase.

The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a P

from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP
to form pyruvic acid and ATP.

Here the substrate level phosphorylation

takes place.
 outcome of glycolysis:
The breakdown of a glucose molecule into two smaller pyruvate molecules.

Glycolysis starts with one molecule of glucose and ends with two pyruvate (pyruvic acid)

molecules, a total of four ATP molecules, and two molecules of NADH. Two ATP molecules were used in

the first half of the pathway to prepare the six-carbon ring for cleavage, so the cell has a net gain of two

ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules for its use.

ED PATHWAY
SYNOPSIS:
ED pathway

1.Introduction

2.Cycle

3.Steps

4.significance
 Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway

Introduction:
• This pathway occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic condition

• Occur in prokaryotes only

• It occurs in cytoplasm

• Pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate produced from glucose by ED pathway

 > The Entner–Doudoroff pathway describes an alternate series of reactions that
catabolize glucose to pyruvate using a set of enzymes different from those used in either
glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway.

> Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the
metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The
free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine
triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).

> Most bacteria use glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. This pathway was
first reported in 1952 by Michael Doudoroff and Nathan Entner.
• There are a few bacteria that substitute classic glycolysis with the Entner-
Doudoroff pathway.

• They may lack enzymes essential for glycolysis, such as phosphofructokinase-1.

This pathway is generally found in Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azotobacter,
Agrobacterium, and a few other Gram-negative genera.

• Very few Gram-positive bacteria have this pathway, with Enterococcus faecalis
being a rare exception. Most organisms that use the pathway are aerobes due to
the low ATP yield per glucose such as Pseudomonas and Azotobacter, a genus of
Gram-negative bacteria.
STEPS:
• At first glucose is phosphorylated to glucose -6-phosphate by the enzyme hexokinase.

• Glucose-6-phosphate is then oxidized to 6-phosphogluconolactone releasing a molecule of

NADPH. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

• Hydrolase enzyme converts 6-phopshogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconate.

• 6-phosphogluconate undergoes dehydration reaction catalysed by 6-phosphogluconate

dehydratase to form 2-keto 3-deoxy 6-Phosphogluconate (KDPG).

• KDPG splits to form pyruvate and glceraldehyde-3-phosphate. It is catalysed by KDPG

aldolase enzyme

• Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is then metabolized by glycolysis to form pyruvate.

Significance of ED pathway :

• This pathway used two specific enzymes ie. 6-phosphogluconate

dehydratase and KDPG aldolase.

• This pathway generates 1 ATP, 1 NADH and 1 NADPH from one glucose

molecule.
Glyoxylate cycle
.
SYNOPSIS:
GLYOXYLATE CYCLE

1.Introduction

2.Cycle

3.Steps

4.significance
Introduction:
• The glyoxylate cycle, a variation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is an anabolic pathway
occurring in plants, bacteria, protists, and fungi. 

• The glyoxylate cycle centers on the conversion of acetyl-CoA to succinate for the

synthesis of carbohydrates.

• The glyoxylate cycle was discovered in 1957 at the University of Oxford by 

Sir Hans Kornberg and his mentor Hans Krebs.

• Plants as well as some algae and bacteria can use acetate as the carbon source for the
production of carbon compounds. Plants and bacteria employ a modification of the TCA
cycle called the glyoxylate cycle to produce four carbon dicarboxylic acid from two carbon
acetate units.
• Glyoxylate cycle is the process of synthesis of carbohydrate from
fats(obtain energy from fats).

• This cycle has two unique enzyme- isocitrate lyase and malate

synthase which bypass some of the reaction of TCA cycle.

•  The primary function of the glyoxylate cycle is to allow growth when

glucose is not available and two-carbon compounds, such as ethanol and
acetate, are the only sources of carbon.
 Glyoxylate cycle
Steps:
• Glyoxylate cycle is absent in higher organism.

• At first acetylcoA is produced from acetate or by oxidation of higher fatty acids.

• AcetylcoA then enter into TCA cycle and condensed with oxaloacetate to form citrate.

• Citrate then isomerized to isocitrate.

• Isocitrate lyase bypass the TCA cycle by splitting isocitrate into succinate and glyoxylate.

• Succinate metabolized by TCA whereas Glyoxylate condenses with another molecule of

acetylcoA to form malate in the presence of malate synthase.

• Malate is converted into oxaloacetate by the enzyme malate dehydrogenase.

Significance of Glyoxylate cycle:

• It is bypass reaction of TCA cycle

• It occurs in bacteria when they are cultured in acetate rich

carbon source.

• When Higher fatty acids are oxidized into acetyl coA without
forming pyruvate acids, then acetyl coA enters into glyoxylate
cycle.

• The glyoxylate cycle is an example of gluconeogenesis

REFERENCES:
>Willey, Joanne M., Linda Sherwood, Christopher J. Woolverton,
Lansing M. Prescott, and Joanne M. Willey. Prescott's Microbiology.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.
> https://en.wikipedia.org 

> https://www.csun.edu 
SKILLS GAINED BY SEMINAR
• Confident level
• Communication
• Time management
• Referred lots of books
 THANKS
• The Chairman
• The Secretary
• Management Committee
• The Principle, Sri Paramakalyani College
• The Head-Department of Microbiology
• The Staff Members-Department of Microbiology