Characteristics of a cell:

• Voltage
• Voltage v/s SoC curve
• Capacity
• Specific power
• C-rate
• State of charge
 Voltage:
• It is the potential difference between positive and
negative terminals.
• Voltage depends on the materials used for anode and
cathode.
• A cells voltage can be calculated using the standard
electrode potential datasheet.
• The voltage of a battery can be increased by arranging
the cells in series.
Voltage v/s SoC:

Source: Energies journal

(A Generalized SOC-OCV Model for Lithium-
Ion Batteries and the SOC Estimation for
LNMCO Battery)
 Capacity:
• It is the specific energy which a battery can discharge. It can
also be defined as the amount of energy a battery can store.
• It is denoted by Ampere-hour(Ah).
• More the capacity more time will be taken for a battery to be
charged, but it can also deliver power for a longer time.
• Capacity of a battery pack increases if the cells are connected
in parallel.
• The capacity of a lithium-ion battery is specifically defined by
the number of lithium atoms an anode can accommodate.
• Structure of LiC6:

Intercalation:

• Structure of SiLi6:

SiLi4 SiLi6
• A cell with LiC6 anode produces 320mA/g and a cell with SiLi6 anode
will produce 4200mA/g, drastically increasing the capacity of the cell.
• Although this cannot be achieved due to the continuous expansion
and contraction in the anode, which leads to failure of the cell.
• Instead 5% silicon is added along with the graphite to increase the
overall capacity of the cell.
 Specific Power:
• Specific power means how much power a battery can
deliver at a certain weight. A lithium-ion battery of 1kg
can deliver 300W power.

• It represents the loading capability of a cell.

C-rate:
• Charge and discharge rates of a battery are governed by
C-rates. C-rate Time

0.25C 4 hours

0.5C 2 hours

1C 1 hour

2C 30 minutes

4C 15 minutes

C-rate and service times when charging and

discharging batteries of 1Ah (1,000mAh)
https://batteryuniversity.com/index.php/learn/article/what_is_
the_c_rate
 SOC and DOD:
• Value of the present battery capacity as a percentage of
maximum capacity.
• The percentage of battery capacity that has been
discharged expressed as a percentage of maximum
capacity is DOD
• Total battery capacity in percentage= SOC+DOD.