DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTELLIGENT

SOLAR POWERED UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY

(I-UPS)

DESMOND, ENYIOMA EMMANUEL

CLU/16/SC/CSC/007
SUPERVISED BY: - Nwala, Kenneth T.
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS & COMPUTER
SCIENCE
outline
 Introduction
 Background of the Study
 Statement of the problem
 Aim of the Study
 Significance of the Study
 Scope of the Study
 Limitations of the Study
 Literature Review
 Methodology
 Design Objective
 Design Consideration
 Drive Circuitry
● Complete System Flowchart
● Code Running Flowchart
● Analysis, Design And
Implementation
● The Microcontroller Unit
Section (Atmega16l)
● Complete system Circuit
diagram
● Summary
● Conclusion
● Recommendation
● References
INTRODUCTION
Increasing gap between power supply and demand causes electricity crisis and
excessive load shedding in any developing country like Nigeria. Therefore, in such
circumstances, the best solution for users in terms of instant and back up supply
can be through Solar-Powered Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS); it is more
effective and efficient. UPS delivers continuous electric (Uninterruptible) power
and protects connected loads from sudden power failure, overvoltage, suppress
line transients, and under voltage. A UPS that is recharged through solar energy is
obviously a lasting solution.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Before going into the details of our implementation, it is

important to first review some of the basic principles and
components we will be using.

❏ Direct Versus Alternating Current

❏ Artificial Intelligence System
Solar energy
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a
range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar
thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial
photosynthesis.
It is an essential source of renewable energy, and its technologies are broadly
characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they
capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power,
and solar water heating to harness the energy.
SOLAR PANEL
The term solar panel is used colloquially for a photo-voltaic (PV) module.
A PV module is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for
installation. Photo-voltaic cells use sunlight as a source of energy and generate
direct current electricity. A collection of PV modules is called a PV Panel, and a
system of Panels is an Array. Arrays of a photovoltaic system supply solar
electricity to electrical equipment.
TYPES OF SOLAR PANEL
Layers of a solar panel
IMPORTANCE OF SOLAR ELECTRICITY
❏ GREEN ENERGY GENERATION

❏ APPLICATION: - There are many practical applications for the use of solar
panels or photovoltaic. It can first be used in agriculture as a power source
for irrigation. In health care solar panels can be used to refrigerate medical
supplies. It can also be used for infrastructure.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Research shows that many places in Africa, especially Nigeria, lack a reliable
power grid. This is a large problem for many reasons, especially in the medical
field where reliable power is essential for doctors who need to be able to see
and monitor their patients during operations. There have been attempts to
bridge the power issues in the country, which include the Privatization of the
Power sector and production of UPS this is capable of sustaining power for few
minutes or hours after power outage, but this project will construct an
Intelligent UPS that obtains power from both Electricity and Solar which is
abundant.
Aim & Objectives of the study
The aim of this project is to design and construct a circuit that will take a 24v
dc input from battery and provide a 2000VA output that will be able to supply
a standard bungalow. The objectives are:-
1. To design a circuit that will convert dc to ac power for various appliances
used in domestic home; exercising inverter attitude.
2. To provide a noiseless source of electricity generation which is Solar
energy.
3. To design a device that can intelligently switch power from Electricity to
Solar or Battery (when both sources are not available) through the use of
a Microcontroller.
4. To provide a source of electricity power with low maintenance cost and
zero fuel cost.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study is highlighted in the following:
1. It enhances comfort.
2. It is a convenient and simple system.
3. It improves human life span since environmental effects are reduced
4. It can be easily modified to suit most requirements and control.
5. It is expected to further stir up interest in software design, hardware design,
systems analysis and implementations.
6. Finally, this project is expected to contribute significantly to existing
literature in the subject under investigation.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The Scope of this project is to design and construct an inverter with output
power rating of 2kVA, maximum output current of 22.72A, output voltage of
220V AC from a 24V DC input. This project is basically designed for single
phase domestic loads. The project is to be realized using simple and relatively
cheap components available in the local markets.
LIMITATION OF THE STUDIES
1. One of the major limiting factors is the COVID-19 pandemic that ravaged
the whole world and affected virtually every aspect of the especially the
academic work. Time was cut short, and prices of materials needed for
the construction were hiked after the break.
2. Financial constraints: finance was a major problem during this study. I
settled for locally made metal casing since I couldn‘t afford foreign type.
3. Limited time: I had to work under pressure to meet up with the deadline
that was given. I could not explore other options because the time frame
was very short.
4. Unavailability of certain resources: I found it very difficult to buy certain
components for the implementation of the system. I had to travel to
Lagos State to buy the microcontroller (DSPic30f2010).
LITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEW
A deep and broad review of the literature is made for exploring existing
research and its relevant information. Different kinds of dc-ac UPS with its
merits demerits are discussed in detail.
The first recognized UPS was constructed by a scientist named John Hanley,
but it was called an Apparatus for Maintaining an Unfailing and
Uninterruptible Supply of Electrical Energy which consisted of a flywheel that
would provide short bursts of backup power but didn‘t provide much surge
protection. Its power also lasted for few minutes.
There are two common methods for UPS on the market today, each
of which has its own flaws.
They are as follows: -
❏ Modified Sine Wave
❏ Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Modified Sine Wave
A modified sine wave is similar to a square wave, but
sits at zero for a set time before powering high or low.
For many simple devices, this is the easiest and
cheapest solution, but it comes with a hidden cost:
harmonics. Harmonics are integer multiples of the
fundamental power frequency (in this case, 60 Hz)
that appear when the sine wave is not completely
pure. Many pieces of equipment, such as computers
or the aforementioned medical equipment cannot run
off of a modified sine wave, as the most common side
effect of harmonics is increased current flow, resulting
in significantly reduced lifespan.
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
PWM is used extensively as a
means of powering AC devices with
a DC power source. A DC voltage
source can be made to look like an
AC signal across a load by altering
the duty cycle of the PWM signal.
The pattern at which the duty cycle
of the PWM signal varies can be
generated through simple analog
components, a digital
microcontroller, or specific PWM
integrated circuits.
METHODOLOGY
Choice Of Methodology
PROTOTYPING The steps are encapsulated
in the following outlines;
This simply involves building a small 1. Requirements
skeletal abstraction of a real life specification, gathering
system. It enables a system to be and refinement
thoroughly tested, analyzed and 2. Quick design
watched at a reduced cost and time. 3. Build prototypes
4. Customer evaluation of
prototype
5. Routine prototype
6. Engineer product
DESIGN OBJECTIVE
In implementing this project, certain objectives were borne in mind. These are
outlined below:
❏ High Reliability: the system should be highly reliable and able to stand
adverse environmental conditions.
❏ High Sensitivity: the system should be highly sensitive to ADC inputs from
the battery. It can be modified a little to suit other applications and needs.
Design Consideration
While designing the system, a number of factors were considered with obvious
emphasis on the following:
1. Cost
2. Availability
3. Maintainability
4. Reliability
5. Upgradability
Block Diagram of the system
DRIVE CIRCUITRY
DRIVE CIRCUITRY

A. POWER SUPPLY UNIT

D. CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
C. POTENTIOMETER

B. LCD SCREEN
E. MICROCONTROLLER
F. TRANSISTOR
microcontroller
 PROGRAMMING THE MICROCONTROLLER
1).Flow chart design.
2).Writing an algorithm of the design
3). Developing the microcontroller’s source code using assembly language.
4).Debugging the assembly code
5). Compiling the source code with a compiler and creating a hex file (i.e. the
file extensive is“hex”).
6). Loading the hex file of the program into the microcontroller’s (89S52)
memory.
SOFTWARE DESIGN
The construction of this project has two basic parts namely:
- The hardware and
- The software parts
ANALYSIS, DESIGN
AND
IMPLEMENTATION
DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING
● This was an important segment in the realization of the system. Testing of
the workability of the project was first done on a workbench suite and
later it was implemented on a breadboard.

● Reasons for implementing on a breadboard

● (a) Ease of monitory of circuit
● (b) Identify some faulty / malfunctioning components
● (c) To enhance better planning and space management on the final PCB
● (d) To confirm the workability of the circuit
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODEL (HIGH LEVEL
MODEL)
The system consists of the following sub-system:
 Power supply system
 Charging System
 Microcontroller Unit
 Digital Display Screen
 Secondary Cell(12V Battery)
POWER SUPPLY IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

A suitable power supply which has the capacity to supply +24V and a
regulated +5v was implemented through the steps below:
1 The board and other components were assembled and tested with a
multi-meter to ensure that they were in good working condition.
2 The board was cleaned to remove dust and oil in case there were any.
3 The voltage regulator (7805) and the fluttery capacitor were carefully
placed on the PCB and soldering lead was carefully applied on them to avoid
dry joints.
4 The output of the power supply was tested using a digital multi-meter to
confirm that it had nearly constant values of +5v and +9v respectively.
BATTERY VOLTAGE MONITOR
● The voltage source is first stepped down to 5V. The high current DC
voltage source was then used to charge the battery. Also the magnitude of
the battery was measured and read into the microcontroller through
lm393 to port1

● The connection was done in such a way that the maximum voltage (24V)
was applied at the two input terminals of the lm393 while its output is
connected to the Port1 of the microcontroller as shown in the diagram
above. The voltage from the lm393 determines the state of the battery.
 THE MICROCONTROLLER UNIT SECTION
(ATMEGA16L)
● The microcontroller used was Atmega16L which is from the AVR family of
ATMEL micro-chips. It is a 40-pin microcontroller having the inbuilt
features of the ATMEL processors on complex instruction set computing
(CISC) architecture.

● Port 0 of the microcontroller was connected to the data lines of the LCD
(p0.0 to p0.7) while Port 2 (p2.0, p2.1 and p2.2) was connected to the
control lines of the LCD screen. Port1.0 of the microcontroller was used to
interface with the voltage monitor
Complete system Circuit diagram
summary
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATIONS
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Thanks