Voices of Protest

Chapter 15
A Man Was
Lynched Yesterday
• The N A A C P flew this flag above
Fifth Avenue in New York City
each time it learned of a lynching.
 • The Work of the NAACP
• NAACP membership as well as

Progressive circulation of
its magazine The Crisis grew in early
1900s

Voices • Legal victories

• Guinn v. United States (1915)
• Buchanan v. Warley (1917)
 The 1912 Election
• Civil rights leaders had great hope for
Woodrow Wilson’s presidency

Progressive Wilson Disappoints

• Upon election Wilson acted same as
Voices other Southern Progressives
• Refused request to form a “national
commission on the Negro problem”
• Focused on economic issues such as
tariff and banking reforms that were
of less interest to blacks
Progressive Voices

• By executive order Wilson segregated eating and restroom facilities of

black federal employees and phased out most blacks in civil service
jobs
• African Americans Protest Racial Policies
• Wilson no friend to African American causes
• Blacks protested his segregation of federal employees; occupation of
Haiti; and his praise of film Birth of a Nation
 • The Amenia Conference
• Brought together most distinguished
African Americans of the day to
Progressive consolidate and achieve a unity of
Voices thought
• Agreed to work together for:
• Enfranchisement
• Abolition of lynching
• Enforcement of laws protecting civil
rights
Men and Women
at the Amenia
Conference
• Group portrait of men and women
attending the N A A C P-sponsored
Amenia Conference in Amenia,
New York, August 1916.
Violent Times

• Race relations tense due to continued African American migration and

resulting competition for jobs
• The Chicago Riot of 1919
• Most serious racial riot; started with drowning
of black man on a Lake Michigan beach
• Chicago without law and order for thirteen days
• More Riots
• Race riots continued in places such as Knoxville, TN; Omaha, NE; and
Elaine, AR
 • The Persistence of Lynching
• NAACP persistently fought lynching
• Banner; silent parade
• Lynching's continued

Civil Rights • Rope and Faggot, A Biography of

Judge Lynch (1929)
• NAACP continued crusade against
Vanguard lynching; held a national conference;
sponsored antilynching rallies
• Thirty Years of Lynching in the
United States,
1889-1918
 • NAACP Legal Efforts
• Took first step toward securing
Civil passage of federal antilynching law
in 1919

Rights • Southern representatives

organized to defeat proposed
bill; spoke in favor of mob rule

Vanguard • Bill eventually filibustered in

Senate
• Nixon v. Herndon (1927)
• The Leaderless Migration
• Blacks flooded out of South to North and West
• Fear among many that exodus would endanger
the institutional and financial life of the South Protesting
with Their
• It was a leaderless movement; blacks moved
with sense of collective destiny
• Migration from the Caribbean
• Between 1899 and 1937 more than 140,000
migrants came to U.S. from Caribbean
Feet
 Protesting
with Their
Feet

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

 • Afro-Caribbeans in New York

Protesting • Most came from English-

speaking islands
• Arthur Alfonso Schomburg
with Their came from Puerto Rico
• Established Negro

Feet
Society for Historical
Research
New
Negroes
• Race and Class Politics: Civil Rights,
Black Nationalism
• African Americans and Afro-
Caribbean's disagreed over
primacy of race vs. class protest
• Hubert Harrison
• Frustrated by failure of white
Left to address racism within
ranks of white working class;
New Negroes
founded Liberty League in
1917
• DuBois and “Close Ranks”
• Editors DuBois and Randolph
parted ways over race-class divide
• Marcus Garvey
• NAACP failed to secure following of
lower class and poor African Americans;
working-class blacks skeptical of class-
based interracial coalition to fight racism
• Garvey filled the void; founded Universal
Negro Improvement Association (UNIA);
drew a mass following
• Popularity based on appeal to race
New Negroes
pride
• Believed hope lied in redeeming
Africa from colonialism; started
back-to-Africa movement
 • Garvey had mass appeal;
created huge black movement
• The Negro World
• Denounced by most African
American leaders
• Garvey’s Decline
• Garvey’s “pact” with a
representative of the New Negroes
Ku Klux Klan drew much criticism
• Convicted for using the mails to
defraud in raising money for his
steamship line; incarcerated and
eventually deported
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education
• This photograph depicts Marcus Garvey, the
founder of the Universal Negro
Improvement Association (UNIA).
• Garvey was originally from Jamaica, where
he spent his youth working in a print shop
and experiencing some of the most abysmal
working and living conditions that late-
Marcus Garvey
nineteenth-century Jamaica had to offer.
 He investigated working conditions of blacks
throughout the Western Hemisphere and
solidified his opinion that something drastic must
Marcus be done in order to change what had become
sanctioned and institutionalized practices of

Garvey discrimination.

To further his convictions, Garvey began to study

the history of Africa in earnest, specifically the
exploitation of black peoples by colonial powers.
 • In 1914, Garvey organized the
Universal Negro Improvement

Marcus Association
• The African Communities League

Garvey • Published the Negro World, a

newspaper devoted to articulating
black nationalism.
 • In 1920, Garvey and the other
members of the UNIA held their
Marcus first official convention in New York
City, to an audience of more than

Garvey
25,000.
• During the meeting, Garvey put
forth his plans for the creation of
an African nation-state and
outlined his plan for a back-to-
Africa movement.
• Under this plan, the UNIA sent a
delegation to the League of Nations
(the precursor to the United Nations)
requesting the tract of African land
taken from Germany at the end of
World War I.
• While this policy did not generate the
support that Garvey had hoped for, his
message and the UNIA spread to more
Marcus Garvey
than forty countries throughout the
world.
• Garvey was deported to Jamaica in
1927; after a failed attempt to incite a
socialist movement there, he moved to
England in 1935, where he lived until
his death in 1940.
 • CITATION: "Marcus Garvey, 1887-1940,"
August 5, 1924. Full lgth., seated at desk,
facing right. Courtesy of the Library of
Congress, Prints and Photographs Division,
Marcus Garvey George Grantham Bain Collection, ID: LC-
USZ61-1854. Original image number:
3a03567.
• http://psi.mheducation.com/current/psi.p
hp?editionId=4&view=SOURCE&number=8
624
• http://psi.mheducation.com/current/psi.p
hp?
editionId=4&view=SOURCE&number=842
 Father Divine

George Baker
New • -Interracial religious movement

Negroes that looked to religion to foster

racial harmony
• -More than religious cult;
addressed followers’ social and
economic needs
New Women
• Black Feminism
• Interracial feminism impacted by racism
• Black women were aware that the demand for women’s
rights linked to black disfranchisement and segregation
• To ensure southern congressional endorsement of suffrage
amendment, national suffrage organizations capitulated to
southern racism
New Women
Black suffragist
Mary Church
Terrell
 Black women sought New Negro’s protest
to make their voices overshadowed
heard within the genteel feminism
electoral system advocated by NACW

New Women
New Woman exalted
as man’s helpmate
TUSLA-
Black Wall
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-ItsPBTF
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