Organic Chemistry - branch of chemistry that concerns with the

study of carbon compounds

Organic compounds - could only be derived from living things
Vital Force Theory - force possessed by all organic matter that
governed by all organic substances but could not be duplicated by
chemists in the laboratory.
Friedrich Wohler - a German chemists who discarded the Vital
Force theory in 1828 because he showed that it was possible to
obtain an organic compound (urea) in the laboratory.
O
KOCN + NH4Cl → KCl + NH4OCN rearranges NH2CNH2
upon heating urea
The following are several reasons for a separate study of the compounds of carbons:
1. Organic compounds are more numerous tha inorganic compounds. There are many more compounds
that include the element carbon, over million organic compounds were already known.

2. The maintenance of life in plants and animals, including ourselves, is dependent upon millions of
organic reactions taking place within ourselves and in all other forms of living matter.

3. Carbon can form stable bonds with another to form long, continuous, chainlike structures containing
many carbon atoms. This property is known as catenation.

4. Many organic compounds exhibit the phenomenon of isomerismwhich means that organic substances
may contain the same number and kinds of atoms and yet represent entirely different substances.
The different classes may have the same molecular formula but different in structural formulas, called
isomers, giving rise to different chemical and physical properties.
 Inorganic Organic
1.Physical properties
physical state solid solid, liquid, gas

Combustibility non combustible usually combustible

melting point very high relatively low

boiling point nonvolatile relatively low

solubility in water soluble insoluble

solubility in organic solvent insoluble soluble

conductivity in fused sate conductor nonconductor

chemical reaction slow fast/instantaneous

2. Structure of solid
crystalline type ionic crystals molecular crystals
units of structure positive and negative ions molecular
bonding between units electrostatic van der Waals forces
Covalent bond - involves the sharing of electron pairs between
atoms
- consists of the simultaneous attraction of two
nuclei for one or more pairs of electrons.
The electrons located between the two nuclei are bonding
electrons.
Covalent Bonding in Organic compounds
In organic compounds, carbon, a member of IV, forms covalent bonds because it has
four electrons in its outer shell and needs four more to attain a stable octet.
Carbon is the only element that tends to share electrons with atoms of its own kind.
valence of the atom - the number of covalent bonds an atom usually forms
Valences of some common elements contained in organic compounds.
a) Carbon: with 4 covalent bonds
b) Nitrogen: 3 covalent bonds
c) Oxygen and sulfur: 2 covalent bonds
d) Hydrogen: 1 covalent bond
e) A halogen (F, Cl, Br, I) forms 1 covalent bond
Atomic orbital - is a region in space where an electron can be found
- s, p,d, f etc.
Molecular orbital - formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals
-Types of molecular orbitals: (refer to p304-305 of your chemistry textbook)
1. Sigma molecular orbital, σ – head to head overlap
▪Ex. between 2 s orbitals: s - s
▪Between s-orbital and any p-orbital: s-px; s-py; s-pz
▪Between 2 px orbitals: Px – Px
2. Pi molecular orbital, π – side-to-side overlap of two p-orbitals
- Are generally weaker than sigma bonds
HYBRIDIZATION- mixing two or more atomic orbitals shapes in the bonded atom
Introduced by Linus Pauling
There is formation of new orbitals of different shapes and orientation called hybrid orbitals
(refer to p299 – 301 of chemistry textbook)
Types of hybrid orbitals:
1) sp3 – s orbital mixing with 3 p orbitals in the same subshell
•central atom forms 4 equivalent bonds with terminal atoms
•characteristic of single bonds; tetrahedrally shaped
2) sp2 – mixing one s orbital with two p orbitals characteristic of double bonds; trigonally
shaped
 fig. conjugated structure of ethene

3) sp – mixing of one s-orbital with 1 p -orbital

l characteristic of triple bonds; linearly shaped
How to represent the structure of organic compounds? These are the different models to describe it. (see p397-403 of
chemistry textbook)
Ball and Stick Model

DISPLAYED FORMULA OR LINE

STRUCTURE
• Partial condensed structural formula/structural formula

Condensed formula CH3CH2CH2CH3 OR CH3(CH2)2CH3

• Zig-zag line structure- especially are used for longer chain hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons
- Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
Kinds of hydrocarbons:
1. Alkanes
- Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen and
single bonds
General formula : CnH2n+2
- Their names end with “ane”
Alky group- fragment of an alkane molecule formed by the
removal of one hydrogen atom
Nomenclature of the Alkanes
1.Identify the longest carbon chain. This chain is called the parent chain.
2.Identify all of the substituents (groups appending from the parent chain).
3.Number the carbons of the parent chain from the end that gives the substituents the lowest numbers. When
comparing a series of numbers, the series that is the "lowest" is the one which contains the lowest number at
the occasion of the first difference. If two or more side chains are in equivalent positions, assign the lowest
number to the one which will come first in the name.
4.If the same substituent occurs more than once, the location of each point on which the substituent occurs is
given. In addition, the number of times the substituent group occurs is indicated by a prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.).
5.If there are two or more different substituents they are listed in alphabetical order using the base name (ignore
the prefixes). The only prefix which is used when putting the substituents in alphabetical order is iso as in
isopropyl or isobutyl. The prefixes sec- and tert- are not used in determining alphabetical order except when
compared with each other.
6.If chains of equal length are competing for selection as the parent chain, then the choice goes in series to:
a) the chain which has the greatest number of side chains.
b) the chain whose substituents have the lowest- numbers.
c) the chain having the greatest number of carbon atoms in the smaller side chain.
d)the chain having the least branched side chains.
7.A cyclic (ring) hydrocarbon is designated by the prefix cyclo- which appears directly in front of the base name.
• In summary, the name of the compound is written out with the substituents in alphabetical order followed by the
base name (derived from the number of carbons in the parent chain). Commas are used between numbers
and dashes are used between letters and numbers. There are no spaces in the name.
The First 10 Straight-Chain Alkanes
Cycloalkanes, as their name tells us, contain rings. They have  two fewer hydrogens than the corresponding
alkanes.

Cyclic structure

First four cycloalkanes

Alkyl halides

The halogen is treated as a substituent on an alkane chain. The halo- substituent is considered of equal rank with an
alkyl substituent in the numbering of the parent chain.
The halogens are represented as follows:
Here are some examples:

F fluoro
Cl choro
                      
Br bromo
I iodo
IUPAC Name Molecular Formula Condensed Structural
Formula
ethene C2H4 CH2=CH2

propene C3H6 CH2=CHCH3

1-butene C4H8 CH2=CHCH2CH3

CH2=CH(CH2)2CH3
1-pentene C5H10

ALKENES
 Naming Alkenes (CnH2n)
Suffix: -ene
1. Name the parent hydrocarbon by locating the longest carbon chain that
contains the double bond and name it according to the number of carbons
with the suffix -ene.
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C=CH2

2. a. Number the carbons of the parent chain so the double bond

carbons have the lowest possible numbers.
CH3CHCH2CH2CH=CHCH3
CH2CH3
b. If the double bond is equidistant from each end, number so the first
substituent has the lowest number.
CH3
CH3CHCH=CHCH2CH3

2-methy- 3- hexene

3. Write out the full name, numbering the substituents according to their
position in the chain and list them in alphabetical order.
CH2=CHCHCH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3 CH2CH3

5-ethyl-3-methyl-1-nonene
or 5-ethyl-3-methyl-1-nonene
4. Indicate the double bond by the number of the first alkene
carbon.
H3CCH2CH2CH=CHCH3
name:
5. If more than one double bond is present, indicate their
position by using the number of the first carbon of each double
bond and use the suffix -diene (for 2 double bonds), -triene (for
3 double bonds), -tetraene (for 4 double bonds), etc.
H2C=CHCH2 CH = CH2 H2C=CHCH =CHCH2CH3
1,4- pentadiene name:
a. Cycloalkenes are named in a similar way. Number the
cycloalkene so the double bond carbons get numbers 1 and 2, and
the first substituent is the lowest possible number.
b. If there is a substituent on one of the double bond carbons, it
gets number 1.

Naming hexene with different substituents: Examples of substituted hex-1-ene.

Remember that the 1 could go in front of the word hexene as well. For example, the
middle molecule could be named as 4-methyl-1-hexene
 ALKYNES
Here are the molecular formulas and names of the first ten carbon straight
chain alkynes.
Name Molecular Formula

Ethyne C 2H2

Propyne C 3H4

1-Butyne C 4H6

1-Pentyne C 5H8

1-Hexyne C6H10

1-Heptyne C7H12

1-Octyne C8H14

1-Nonyne C9H16

1-Decyne C10H18
Draw the condensed formula and give the correct IUPAC name.
1-chloro-3methylcyclobut-2-ene

Correct name:
3-chloro-1-methylcyclobutene or 3-chloro-1-methylcyclobut-1-ene

iodo-n-propylphenylethane

Correct name:
2-iodo-2-phenylpentane

1-ethyl-2-methycyclopent-3-yne

Correct name:
4-ethyl-3-methylcyclopentyne or 4-ethyl-3-methylcyclopent-1-yne
1. Label the overlapping hybrid orbitals in each bond.
H H H H H
H-C-C=C-C-C=C-C-H
H H H

2. What is the bond angle at Carbon 2?

3. What is the geometry of carbon 6?

Nomenclature of Alkyne (CnH2n-2)
Number the carbon atoms of the longest continuous chain, starting
at the end closest to the triple bond.
CH3CH2C=CCH3
5 4 3 2 1

2-pentyne

CH3
CH3CHC=CCH3
5 4 3 2 1

4-methyl-2-pentyne
 ALCOHOLS (ROH)
FUNCTIONAL GROUP: (-OH hydroxy or hydroxyl group )
Classification and Nomenclature of Some Alcohols
CH3OH — methyl alcohol methanol

CH3CH2OH primary ethyl alcohol ethanol

CH3CH2CH2OH primary propyl alcohol 1-propanol

(CH3)2CHOH secondary isopropyl alcohol 2-propanol

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH primary butyl alcohol 1-butanol

CH3CH2CHOHCH3 secondary sec-butyl alcohol 2-butanol

(CH3)2CHCH2OH primary isobutyl alcohol 2-methyl-1-propanol

(CH3)3COH tertiary tert-butyl alcohol 2-methyl-2-propanol

• Naming Alcohols
1. Name the parent compound. Find the longest chain that has the
hydroxyl substituent attached (replace the -e ending with –ol).
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 1- butanol

2. Number the carbon atoms in the main chain. Begin at the end
nearer the hydroxyl group, ignoring the location of other
substituents.
CH3CH2CHCH3 2- butanol
OH
In a cyclic alcohol, the carbon that bears the –OH group is #1.
OH
. O
ALDEHYDES(RCH) or RCHO
O
KETONES (RCR) or RCOR
FUNCTIONAL GROUP: (C=O carbonyl group)
Naming Aldehydes
1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains the carbonyl group (PREFIX-
ANE+AL).  And when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets nthe lowest
possible number, therefore it is always 1 and therefore is ot included in the name
O
CH3CH2CH2CH HCHO
butanal methanal ( formaldehyde)

2. Rule 2. Names and position of the substituents.

CH3CH2CH2CHCHO 2-chloropentanal
Cl
 Naming Ketone
1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains the carbonyl group
(PREFIX-#-ANE+ONE).  And when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group
gets the lowest possible number.  In the smaller ketones (propanone and butanone),
the locant number is not used because there is no alternative placement in these
smaller ketones
O
CH3CCH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2COCH2CH3
propanone (acetone) 3-heptanone
2. Names and position of the substituents.

CH3CH2CHCOCH3
CH3
• 3-methyl-2-pentanone
 O
CARBOXYLIC ACID (RCOH) or RCOOH
FUNCTIONAL GROUP: (COO Carboxyl group)
Naming Carboxylic acid
1. Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains the carbonyl group
(PREFIX-ANE+OIC ACID).  And when numbering the parent chain, the
carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number, therefore it is always 1
and therefore is not included in the name
methanoic acid CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH
HCOOH
2. Names and position of the substituents.
CH3CH2CHCH2COOH 3-bromopentanoic acid
Br
 Ester (RCOOR)
FUNCTIONAL GROUP: (COO Carboxyl group)
Esters- responsible for the taste and fragrance of fruits and flowers

Identify the longest chain of carbons which contains the carbonyl group (PREFIX-ANE+OATE).

 And when numbering the parent chain, the carbonyl group gets the lowest possible number,
therefore it is always 1 and therefore is not included in the name.  And then name the other carbon
chain (PREFIX+YL).

CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3 ethyl propanoate

Pineapple Odor
 AMINE (RNH2)
FUNCTIONAL GROUP-(-N-)nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons and
with one, two, or three alkyl or aryl groups attached.
Amines are named by naming the alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, followed
by the suffix –amine
CH3CH2NH2
Ethylamine

ORGANIC REACTIONS:

Esterification Reaction (Substitution Reaction)

RCOOH + ROH RCOOR + H2O

ethanoic acid + 2-propanol

Carboxylic acid + amine
RCOOH + RNH2 (RNH) 1. Remove the OH RCONHR
H 2. Add the amine with one hydrogen removed

Acetic acid + ethylamine ?

CH3COOH + CH3CH2NH2 CH3CONHCH2CH3
ethyl ethanamide
Butnoic acid + dimethyamine
Organic compound with several functional
groups
• Chemically, protein is composed of amino acids, which are
organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
or sulfur. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins,
and proteins are the building blocks of muscle mass, according
to the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
• General formula of amino acid:
Non essential amino acids - can be made by the body and are always available
**** TV Till PM HA

Essential amino acids or indispensable

amino acids
- cannot be made by the body
so must get them from your diet
- their absence in the diet seiously alter the
boby processes
- primarily concerned with growth ang the
maintenance of life.
Cherifer Syrup With Taurine & CGF is fortified with amino acids, lysine
and taurine. Lysine is necessary for growth, enhances appetite and is
of value in upgrading utilization of food in low quality protein. Taurine
helps in the mental, visual and motor development of active growing
children.

The growth enhancer Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF) provides a high-

quality protein that is rich in nucleic acids and essential amino acids
necessary in the stimulation of growth, tissue repair and healing. CGF
promotes growth by acting on cells of the human body that are in a
stage of vigorous proliferation, promoting growth enzymatically. CGF
is the physiologically active substance that comes from the nucleus of
chlorella.

Cherifer PGM 10-22 (Pubertal Growth Maximizer) contains High CGF,

Vitamin C and Zinc that enhances immunity levels for stronger
resistance to stress and infections.
Glycylglycine
Phenylalanylvalylalanine
Chiral carbon((Greek = "handedness") - a carbon with four different bonded groups
Examples:
F CH2CH2CH2CH3
I C Cl CH3CH2 C CH2CH2CH3
Br CH3
Chiral coumpound - a compound that is not superimposable on its mirror image
Enantiomers or optical isomers - pairs of molecules that are non-superimposable mirror
images of each other
- chiral compounds
***Your left hand and your right hand are good examples of enantiomers.
- shoes and gloves: always come in pairs, a right and a left.
D - dextrorotatory - rotates plane polarized light to the right
L- levorotatory - rotates plane polarized light to the left.
Superimposable Many objects (including molecules) are indistinguishable from their
mirror images, so they are superimposable
The opposite of chiral is achiral. Achiral objects are superimposable with their mirror
images. For example, two pieces of paper are achiral.
Achiral object is identical with (superimposable on) its mirror image.