INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

GRADE 10
NON-EXPERIMENTAL AND
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND
DESIGNS
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the session, I can…

1.0 Define correctly quantitative research;

1.1 Differentiate properly experimental and non-
experimental research;
2.0 Create scientifically research topics related to each
type of non-experimental research;
3.0 Manifest patience in research
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Non-Experimental ---SURVEY
1st Quarter Requirements:
1.Research Title
2.Rationale
3.Objectives (Chapter 1)
4.Downloaded Questionnaire
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH AND NON-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH

• Quantitative research is defined as the systematic empirical

investigation of social phenomena using tools of mathematics and
statistics.
• Non-experimental research is the label given to a study when a
researcher cannot control, manipulate or alter the predictor
variable or subjects, but instead, relies on interpretation,
observation or interactions to come to a conclusion.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

• Survey- quantitative or numeric description of

some part of a population
• A “sample” via questionnaire (if people are
involved)
• Results enables researcher to generalize the
findings from a sample of responses.
 Quantitative
Methods

Non
Non- probablity
Experimental

Sampling
Probability
Provides
numeric Size of
description of sample
Survey some part of
the population

collected at
cross one point in
Survey sectional time
Design

collected over
longitudinal a period of
time

Describe the
Population population
and Sample

single stage
Describe the
sampling
Design

multistage

What survey Self designed

instrument
used?
Validity
modified

Instrumentation
Reliability
Intact

Pilot Study/
testing
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
a. Quantitative research – is a systematic empirical investigation of social phenomena
using tools of mathematics and statistics.
b. Non-experimental research – is a research that lacks the manipulation of an
independent variable, random assignment of participants to conditions or orders of
conditions, or both.
c. Experimental research - a research that manipulates the predictor variable and
subjects to identify a cause-and-effect relationship.
d. Variable - is any factor or property that a researcher measures, controls, and/or
manipulates.
e. Predictor variable - is the portion of the experiment that is being manipulated to see
if it has an effect on the dependent variable.
TYPES OF NON- EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
a. Single-variable research - focuses on a single variable rather than a
statistical relationship between two variables.
b. Correlational research - the researcher measures the two variables of
interest with little or no attempt to control extraneous variables and then
assesses the relationship between them.
c. Quasi-experimental research - the researcher manipulates an
independent variable but does not randomly assign participants to
conditions or orders of conditions.
d. Qualitative research - the data are usually nonnumerical and are
analyzed using nonstatistical techniques.
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
GUIDELINES
a. It can be about a single variable rather than a statistical relationship between two
variables (e.g., How accurate are people’s first impressions?).
b. It can be about a noncausal statistical relationship between variables (e.g., Is there
a correlation between verbal intelligence and mathematical intelligence?).
c. It can be about a causal relationship, but the independent variable cannot be
manipulated or participants cannot be randomly assigned to conditions or orders of
conditions (e.g., Does damage to a person’s hippocampus impair the formation of
long-term memory traces?).
d. It can be broad and exploratory, or it can be about what it is like to have a
particular experience (e.g., What is it like to be a working mother diagnosed with
depression?).
SOCIAL SCIENCE (SAMPLE) SURVEYS

• When we “survey” something, we inspect it in detail

• A “social survey”, therefore, is an inspection of a
particular society or part of society and a collection of
facts about that society, institution or group
SURVEY DESIGN (DOWNLOADED QUESTIONAIRE)

• Provides a quantitative or numeric description of some

fraction of the population - the sample- through the data
collection process of asking questions of people.
• …..always “people”?
TYPICAL COMPONENTS OF A SURVEY METHOD
PLAN

• Design
• Population and Sample
• Instrumentation
• Variables in the Study
• Data Analysis
 SURVEY DESIGN

• Begin by reviewing the purpose of a survey and the

rationale for its selection
• What is the purpose of survey research?
• Indicate why a survey is the preferred type of data collection.
• Indicate whether the survey is cross-sectional (collected at one
point in time) or longitudinal( collected over a period of time)
• Specify the form of data collection - mail, interview, and provide
a rationale for the procedure (cost, availablility, convenience)
 POPULATION AND SAMPLE

• Specify the characteristics of the population and sampling procedure.

• Describe the population in the study
• Identify whether the sampling design for this population is single stage or
multistage.
• Single - research has access to names in the population and can sample directly
• Multistage - researcher first samples groups (clusters) obtains names of individuals
within each group (cluster) and then samples within the cluster.
POPULUATION AND SAMPLE (CONT)

• Identify how indiviuals will be selected

• Random, judgemental, snowball

• Discuss whether this sample was stratified….procedures for selecting the sample……
number of people in the sample and how this number was determined…etc…etc…etc….
INSTRUMENTATION

• Identify the survey instrument used

• Self designed??? Modified??? Intact???

• Validity and Reliability -

• Include sample items so readers can see actual items used (appendix)
• Pilot testing or field testing procedures
• Steps used in administering
SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES


The design of surveys and questionnaires

How to frame questions
 Kinds of scales: Likert, Semantic Differential etc.
 Analyzing survey data: which items are useful, Item Response Theory
 Forming a scale to measure an attribute, e.g., satisfaction. Reliability,
validity of scale
VARIABLES

• Identify the INDEPENDENT variables

• Also called treatment conditions or factors
• These are under the control of the researcher and typically are
manipulated in an experiment but not manipulated in non-
experimental.
• Independent variables lead to changes in the dependent variable.
DEPENDENT VARIABLES

• Identify the dependent variable or variables to be used

in the study
• The dependent variable is the response or the criterion
variable presumed to be CAUSED or influenced by the
independent treatment conditions.
DATA ANALYSIS

• Present data analysis in a series of steps

• Step 1; step 2; step 3, etc.