HND Unit 10 (2)

Oil, Liquid and Gas Cargoes

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 1

Oil Liquid and Gas Cargoes
1. Dangers associated with liquid and
gas cargoes
2. Flammable diagram
3. Static Electricity,
 Causes,
 Dangers
 Procedures to prevent

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 2

Oil Liquid and Gas Cargoes
1. Toxic effects of cargoes
2. Methods and instruments ~ testing
atmosphere
3. Codes of Practice
 ISGOTT
 ICS Tanker Safety Guide (Chemicals)
 Code for ships carrying Liquefied cargoes
in bulk

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 3

Oil Liquid and Gas Cargoes
Cargo Planning
• Quantity and disposition,
• tank capacities,
• calculation of ullages,
• expansion allowances,
• volume calculations

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 4

Oil Liquid and Gas Cargoes
Inert Gas Systems
 Function of each component
 Operational procedures during
 tank cleaning
 Loading and discharge
 Ballast operations
 Vapour emission control

Tank cleaning
Comparison of pipeline systems

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 5

Introduction – Liquid Cargoes
PETROLEUM
Characteristics and Hazards of Petroleum
Location of oil well
 Volatility (Flashpoint)
 Viscosity
 Content
Limiting factor ~ 60oC
 Highly volatile eg: Aviation spirit/crude oils

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 6

Dangerous Characteristics
of Petroleum

Fire
Health
Pollution
Toxicity
Reactivity
18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 7
Fire Explosion
Petroleum does not ignite!
Vapour burns within flammable limits
 UFL 10% Gas to 90% Air
 LFL 1% Gas to 99% Air

We will look further at this when studying

the flammable composition graph

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 8

Toxicity
Petroleum vapours are poisonous
 Chronic (Persistent)
 Acute (Severe)
TLV – Threshold Limit Value ppm
0.7% gas in air (7,000 ppm)
 Drunkenness within 15 mins
2.0% gas in air (20,000ppm)
 Unconsciousness ~ death

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 9

Skin Contact
Corrosive elements can cause the
following:
 Blindness
 Dermatitis
 Burnt skin tissue
 Dry skin tissue
 Acne
 Skin Cancer

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 10

Examples of Hazards
Hydrogen Sulphide & Benzene

Hydrogen Sulphide
 Highly Volatile
 Likely to escape in venting

 Dangerous if inhaled

 Smell - Rotten eggs

 200ppm = Respirity tract irritation

 1000ppm = Fatal
18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 11
Hydrogen Sulphide & Benzene
Hydrogen Sulphide
 Not accumulated in body
 Body will excrete within few days
 Full recovery
Benzene
 Effects are cumulative
 Irrepairable

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 12

Benzene
Contact with eyes
 Great irritation
Contact with skin
 Defatting
 Secondary infection

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 13

Health Hazards
Inhalation of toxic, narcotic or oxygen
deficient atmosphere
1. Effects
2. Prevention
Contact with Skin

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 14

Fire Explosion Hazards

OXYGEN HEAT

FIRE
18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 15
Fire Explosion Hazards
FIRE

OXYGEN HEAT

CHEMICAL REACTION
18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 16
STATIC ELECTRICITY
Causes and Dangers
Oil Flow
Water Flow
Air Flow
Steam
Pipelines

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 17

VIDEO

Ignition risks from

STATIC ELECTRICITY
and
STRAY ELECTRICAL
CURRENTS
18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 18
Prevention of Static Electricity
to Avoid Ignition
Cargo Hoses
Loading Rate
Loading Overall
Water
Conductors Introduced
Line Clearance with nitrogen
Discharging Cargo
18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 19
Pyrophoric Oxidisation

Factors involved in the

formation of Pyrophors
 Presence of iron oxide
 Presence of hydrogen sulphide

gas
 Lack of oxygen

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 20

Tank Atmospheres
What is a flammable atmosphere

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 21

 Flammable Diagram
Hydrocarbon Gas - % by Volume

15%

10%

5%

Y
X

Oxygen % by Volume 5% 10% 15% 20%

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 22
Flammability Composition
Graph
Study the handout of Flammability
Graphs

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 23

Explosimeter
R1 R2

R3 R4

Zero Adjust

Switch Battery

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 24

Oxygen Analyser
R1
R2

R4
R3

On/Off Battery
18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 25
Bellows Pump

Glass Sample Tube

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 26

Cargo Pumps – Centrifugal

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 27

Cargo Pumps - Reciprocating

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 28

Cargo Pumps – Rotary/Gear

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 29

Cargo Pumps - Eductor

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 30

Cargo pumps - Deepwell

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 31

Ullage Tape and Float

Tape Spool

Ullage Pipe

Ullage
Plastic Tape
Float

Sounding

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 32

 ‘Whessoe’ type ullage measuring system

Ullage window
Tape tensioning spools
Read out cables to slave
station
Guide wire tension springs
Steel graduated tape
Guide wires
Float on guide wires

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 33

Tank Radar System
Transmitter and calibrator
Cables to/from control box

Transducer

Radar Beam

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 34

Multi Functional Gauging Equipment
Carrying handle MMC

Digital readout window

Spool Casing
Winding Handle
Gas tight securing nut and tube
Steel flexible wire
Electronic probe

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 35

 OIL/WATER INTERFACE DETECTOR
Detector Milliammeter
Earth Clamp
Steel Ullage Tape

Oily Slops Layer

Calibrated Brass Weight
Zinc Tip
Water Layer
18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 36
Foam Fire Fighting

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 37

High Pressure/ Vacuum valves

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 38

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 39
 Forth Fisher

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 40

 Northgate

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 41

 Stellaman

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 42

18/01/22 TB/Unit 26 (2) 43