EMERGENCE OF

PAKISTAN
 Partition of India
• Violence
• Hindu Muslim dispute
• Different regions decision to
join either Pakistan or India
 Details of Partition
• The partition displaced among 10 and
20 million humans alongside spiritual
strains, growing overwhelming refugee
crises withinside the newly constituted
dominions.
Punjab:
The partition of British India cut up the
previous British province of Punjab among
the Dominion of India and the Dominion of
Pakistan. The by and large Muslim western
part of the province has become Pakistan's
Punjab province; the generally Hindu and
Sikh Japanese component has become
India's East Punjab nation.
Bengal:
The province of Bengal turned divided into the
2 separate entities of West Bengal, provided to
the Dominion of India, and East Bengal
presented to the Dominion of Pakistan. East
Bengal become renamed East Pakistan in
1955, and later have become the impartial
country of Bangladesh after the Bangladesh
Liberation War of 1971.
Cont...
While the Muslim majority districts of
Murshidabad and Malda have been
given to India, the Hindu majority
district of Khulna and the Buddhist
majority, however in moderation
populated, Chittagong Hill Tracts had
been given to Pakistan via way of
means of the Radcliffe award.
Chittagong Hill Tracts:
Buddhist majority Chittagong Hill Tracts
turned into given to Pakistan even though
the British Parliament or the Indian
Independence Act 1947 did now no longer
deliver a mandate to the Boundary
Commission to split the Chittagong Hill
Tracts from India
Sindh:
At the time of partition, the bulk of Sindh's rich
higher and centre magnificence changed into
Hindu. The Hindus had been generally
focused in towns and shaped the bulk of the
populace in towns inclusive of Hyderabad,
Karachi, Shikarpur, and Sukkur. During the
preliminary months after partition, only a few
Hindus migrated.
Gujarat:
There became no mass violence in
Gujarat as there has been in Punjab
and Bengal. However, Gujarat faced
big refugee migrations. An anticipated
340,000 Muslims migrated to Pakistan,
of which 75% went to Karachi in large
part because of enterprise interests.
Cont...

The number of incoming refugees

turned pretty huge, with over one
million humans migrating to Gujarat.
These Hindu refugees have been in
large part Sindhi and Gujarati.
Ferozepur District:
Indian historians now accept that
Mountbatten probably did influence the
Ferozpur award in India’s favour. The
headwork of River Beas, which later joins
River Sutlej flowing into Pakistan, was located
in Ferozepur. Congress leader Nehru and
Viceroy Mountbatten had lobbied Radcliffe
that headwork should not go to Pakistan.
Gurdaspur District:
Under British control, the Gurdaspur district
was the northernmost district of the Punjab
Province. The district itself was administratively
subdivided into four tehsils: Shakargarh and
Pathankot tehsils to the north, and Gurdaspur
and Batala tehsils to the south. Of the four,
only the Shakargarh tehsil, which was
separated from the rest of the district by the
Ravi River, was awarded to Pakistan.
Princely States:
In numerous cases, rulers of Princely
States have been worried about communal
violence or did now no longer do sufficient
to prevent in time.
Before partition 565 princely states was
there in undivided India. 552 states chosen
to meet with the State of India. 13 states
chosen to join state of Pakistan
Jammu and Kashmir:
In September–November 1947 with
inside the Jammu area of the princely
kingdom of Jammu and Kashmir, a
huge quantity of Muslims has been
killed and others were pushed away to
West Punjab.
Cont...

The killings have been accomplished

through extremist Hindus and Sikhs,
aided and abetted via way of means of
the forces of the Jammu and Kashmir
State, headed through the Maharaja of
Jammu and Kashmir Hari Singh.
Cont...

Women had been raped and sexually

assaulted. Many of these killed, raped
and injured had come to those regions
to break out massacres in West Punjab,
which had grown to be a part of
Pakistan.
Refrendum in NWFP:
A referendum was conducted in North-West
Frontier Province to decide whether it would be a
part of Pakistan or India. The polling began on 6
July and the results were made public on 20 July.
Out of the total population of 4 million in the
NWFP, 572,798 were eligible to vote. Among
them, 51.00% voted in the referendum. 289,244
(99.02%) of the votes were cast in favour of
Pakistan and only 2,874 (0.98%) in favour of
Cont...
Thus, The NWFP became a part of Pakistan
on 15 August 1947. The elected provincial
government of Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan was
terminated on 22 August 1947 by Muhammad
Ali Jinnah. And a Muslim League leader,
Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri, was installed
as the new Chief Minister of the North-West
Frontier Province on 23 August 1947.
Resettlement in Pakistan:
The 1951 Census of Pakistan recorded
that the maximum large quantity of Muslim
refugees got here from East Punjab and
close by Rajputana states (Alwar and
Bharatpur). They numbered 57831
hundred and constituted 80.1% of
Pakistan's overall refugee populace.
Radcliffe Line:
The Radcliffe Line was the boundary
demarcation line between the Indian and
Pakistani portions of the Punjab and Bengal
provinces of British India. It was named after its
architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who, as the joint
chairman of the two boundary commissions for
the two provinces, received the responsibility to
equitably divide 175,000 square miles of territory
with 88 million people.
Cont...

The demarcation line was published on

17 August 1947 upon the Partition of
India. Today its western side still serves
as the Indo-Pakistan border and the
eastern side serves as the India-
Bangladesh border. It is 3,323 km long.
Prior ideas of Partition:
The idea of partitioning the provinces of
Bengal and Punjab had been present
since the beginning of the 20th century.
Bengal had been partitioned by the then
viceroy Lord Curzon in 1905, along with
its adjoining regions.
Cont...
The resulting ‘Eastern Bengal and
Assam’ province, with its capital at
Dhaka, had a Muslim majority and the
‘West Bengal’ province, with its capital
at Calcutta, had a Hindu majority.
However, this partition of Bengal was
reversed in 1911 to mollify Bengali
nationalism.
Sikh Concerns:
The Sikh leader Master Tara Singh could
see that any division of Punjab would
leave the Sikhs divided between Pakistan
and Hindustan. He espoused the doctrine
of self-reliance, opposed the partition of
India and called for independence
because no single religious community
should control Punjab.
Conclusion:
Struggle of several leaders have
given us am independent nation.
We should take care of our country
Pakistan and stay united.