Computer Organization & Arithtecture

UNIT-IV

“Input Output Organization”

Peripherals Devices
 A Peripheral Device is defined as the device which provides
Input/output functions for a computer and serves as an auxiliary
computer device without computing-intensive functionality.
 Generally peripheral devices, however, are not essential for the computer
to perform its basic tasks, they can be thought of as an enhancement to
the user’s experience. A peripheral device is a device that is connected to
a computer system but is not part of the core computer system
architecture. Generally, more people use the term peripheral more
loosely to refer to a device external to the computer case.
Classification of Peripheral devices:

It is generally classified into 3 basic categories which are

given below:

1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. Input/Output(Storage)
Input Devices
The input devices is defined as it converts incoming data and
instructions into a pattern of electrical signals in binary code that are
comprehensible to a digital computer.

Example: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone etc.

ASCII (American Standard Code For Information Interchange)
Output Devices
An output device is generally reverse of the input process and
generally translating the digitized signals into a form intelligible to the
user. The output device is also performed for sending data from one
computer system to another. For some time punched-card and paper-
tape readers were extensively used for input, but these have now been
supplanted by more efficient devices.

Example: Monitors, headphones, printers etc.

Input/Output (Storage Devices)
Storage devices are used to store data in the system which is
required for performing any operation in the system. The storage device
is one of the most requirement devices and also provide better
compatibility.

Example: Hard disk, magnetic tape, Flash memory etc.

Advantage of Peripherals Devices:

Peripherals devices provides more feature due to this

operation of the system is easy.

These are given below:

 It is helpful for taking input very easily.
 It is also provided a specific output.
 It has a storage device for storing information or data
 It also improves the efficiency of the system.
Input-Output Interface

Input/output Interface provides a method for transferring information

between processor and external input/output devices i.e., peripherals.
These Input/output interface in computer system are exists in the form of
special hardware component between the system bus and peripherals. This
component is called “interface unit”.

There are four types of I/O Command:

1. Control Command
2. Status Command
3. Output Data Command
4. Input Data Command
Input-Output Bus Interface Module

A typical input-output interface between the processor and several

peripherals is shown in figure below:
Input/Output versus Memory
 In addition to communicate with I/O, the processor must also
communicate with memory unit.
 And there are three ways that computer buses can be used to
communicate with memory as well as I/O. These are

1) Use two separate buses one for Memory and other for Input/output(This
method is named as IOP method).
2) Use one common bus for both Memory and I/O but have separate control
lines for each(This method is named as Isolated I/O method).
3) Use one common bus for Memory and I/O with common control
lines(This method is named as Memory-Mapped Input/Output
method).
 Isolated I/O method)

Memory-Mapped Input/Output method)

Example of I/O Interface
Data Bus Buffer:
The bus buffer use bi-directional data bus to communicate with CPU. All control word data and status
information between interface unit and CPU are transferred through data bus.

Port A and Port B:

Port A and Port B are used to transfer data between Input-Output device and Interface Unit. Each port
consist of bi-directional data input buffer and bi-directional data output buffer. Interface unit connect
directly with an input device and output disk or with device that require both input and output through
Port A and Port B i.e. modem, external hard-drive, magnetic disk.

Control and Status Register:

CPU gives control information to control register on basis of control information. Interface unit
control input and output operation between CPU and input-output device. Bits which are present in
status register are used for checking of status conditions. Status register indicate status of data register,
port A, port B and also record error that may be occur during transfer of data.

Read/Write Control Logic:

This block generates necessary control signals for overall device operations. All commands from
CPU are accepted through this block. It also allow status of interface unit to be transferred onto data bus
through this block accept CS, read and write control signal from system bus and S0 , S1 from system
address bus. Read and Write signal are used to define direction of data transfer over data bus.

CS: Chip Select