Oral

Communication
Review
MELGAR B. ANDAYA
INSTRUCTOR
Towards Intercultural Praxis
Anxiety
◦ This is a state characterized by light to extreme feelings of worry, fear, and
insecurity about meeting and interacting with individuals from a different
cultural background. It is brought about by the uncertainty in intercultural
encounters. Internally, it manifests in light to excessive mental rehearsals over
the quality and the outcome of the interaction. As a result, the individual is
not totally present in the communication transaction; s/he becomes too
conscious about “making it right,” that s/he is unable to listen and respond
appropriately and instead acts in an awkward manner.
Towards Intercultural Praxis
Assuming similarity instead of difference
◦ When you assume similarity between cultures you can be caught unaware of
important differences. When you have no information about a new culture, it
might make sense to assume there are no differences and to behave as you
would in your home culture. But each culture is different and unique to some
degree. Assuming that other cultures are similar to ours sometimes drive us to
impose our way of thinking and doing things on others. This robs the interaction
of its potential to develop into an interesting relationship.
Towards Intercultural Praxis
Ethnocentrism
◦ This refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of
one’s own culture. To be ethnocentric is to believe in the superiority of one’s
own culture. In fact, superiority or inferiority is relative. All aspects of a
particular culture would make sense if you understood that culture. For
example, resting under a shade at mid-day makes sense in tropical and
subtropical countries. It is not a sign of laziness, as some people from temperate
countries might assume.
Towards Intercultural Praxis
Stereotyping
◦ Stereotypes “are widely held beliefs about a group of people” (Jandt, 2017) and
are a form of generalization or a way of categorizing and processing information
we receive about others in our daily life. Normally, stereotypes help us to
organize and make sense of new experiences. However, there is tendency to
overgeneralize a group of people as if a culture and its people have uniform
attributes. Jandt reminds us not to ignore nuances in the individualities and
identities of people.
Towards Intercultural Praxis
Prejudice
◦ Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a cultural group based on little or no
experience of it. It is a prejudgment of sorts. Whereas stereotypes are
generalizations about a group of people, prejudice is a negative feeling about
that group arising from these generalizations
Towards Intercultural Praxis
Discrimination
◦ The behavior that results from stereotyping or prejudice, specifically overt
actions to exclude, avoid, or distance oneself from other groups, is called
discrimination. Discrimination may be based on racism or any of the other
“isms” related to belonging to a cultural group (e.g., sexism, ageism, elitism).
One way of thinking about discrimination is that it is the exercise of power based
on prejudice, or simply power plus prejudice equals “ism.”
Overcoming the Barriers to
Intercultural Communication

Sorrells (2016) put forward six entry points for intercultural

praxis, which might help individuals enhance their
intercultural communication competence. These entry
points are inquiry, framing, positioning, dialogue, reflection,
and action
 Overcoming the Barriers to
Intercultural Communication
Inquiry
includes taking an interest in and making a commitment to learn
about other cultures, which motivate engagement with other
people.
 Overcoming the Barriers to
Intercultural Communication
Framing
is a continuum of perspective-taking options. Our tendency is to consider,
first and foremost, our perspectives and orientations when confronting the
world. But Sorrells suggests that it might be better for us to acknowledge that
our perspectives are constrained by our frames. To remedy this, we need to
educate ourselves about the local and global forces that influence
intercultural interactions, like the histories of peoples, for example.
 Overcoming the Barriers to
Intercultural Communication
Positioning
– Our geographic positions are closely associated with our social and
political positions. Some of us may be in a geographic location that affords us
direct access to the material and symbolic resources in society. If we
acknowledge this central-periphery dichotomy of political, social, and
economic reality, we may be in a better position to recognize that people
have different levels of access to resources and lack of access impacts on
people’s lived realities. We may be able to acknowledge whose voices are
dominant, whose voices are silent.
 Overcoming the Barriers to
Intercultural Communication
Dialogue
– In Sorrells’ words, dialogue offers us opportunities “to stretch ourselves
—to reach across—to imagine, experience, and creatively engage with points
of view, ways of thinking and being, and beliefs different from our own while
accepting that we may not fully understand or come to a common agreement
or position”
 Overcoming the Barriers to
Intercultural Communication
Reflection
refers to the capacity for introspection and being able to modify
one’s views and behavior based on that reflection.
 Overcoming the Barriers to
Intercultural Communication
Action
– Sorrells argues that it is not enough that we modify our
thoughts and feelings in accordance with the ideals of cultural and
political inclusiveness. We must also take action to help promote a
socially just, equitable, and peaceful world.
Expanding Your Word Wealth
Speech context
 is the way that people use to communicate and transmit
message orally or verbally. It can be interpersonal where you can
talk with the other people. Intrapersonal where you can talk to
yourself especially when thinking and making decisions
Expanding Your Word Wealth
Facial expressions
 are a form of nonverbal communication. They are a primary
means of conveying social information between humans, but they
also occur in most other mammals and some other animal species.
Expanding Your Word Wealth
Verbal Communication
 is a communication by which words are used to express
ideas both in oral and written form dealing with the use of
spoken language to transmit information. For instance,
saying “Go,” to a friend whom you want to run for his life in
a tag game.
Expanding Your Word Wealth
Non-verbal Communication
on the other hand, is done through sending and receiving
wordless messages; may be intentional or unintentional
messages that are not in written or spoken words. For
example, a wink of an eye to signal your friend to agree
with your statement in front of another person.
Expanding Your Word Wealth
Gestures and other body language
are movements of the hands, shoulders, the head, and other
parts of the body that emphasizes or suggest meaning to what
you want to convey.
Body language
is the unspoken element of communication that we use to
reveal our true feelings and emotions. Our gestures, facial
expressions and posture, for instance.
Expanding Your Word Wealth
Posture
is how one stands and presents himself to the person or
people he is conversing with. Technically it is how one sits
or stands and appearing confident enough as he/she
speaks.
Speech Context
You should remember the following as you involve in conversations
or as you sendyour message to others.
1. Speech context may be formal or informal, personal or impersonal
depending upon the relationship of the one sending and that of the
one receiving the message.
For example, when you engage with your friend in a phone
conversation, you may have an informal speech context since you are
close to each other. It can also be personal having the same reason.
Speech Context
Four Types of Speech Context
1. Intrapersonal
 is the communication that centers on one person as the speaker
and the receiver at the same time. According to Hybels & Weaver
(2012), the message is made up of one’s own thoughts and feeling;
the channel is the individual’s brain… feedback is in the sense that
you discard some ideas and replace them with another.
Speech Context
Four Types of Speech Context
2. Interpersonal
is the communication between and among people and
establishes personal relationship between and among them.
According to Solomon and Theiss (2013), “inter” is how one
connects with others… people are linked together during the
communication process and one’s personal unique qualities
matter during the communication process.
Speech Context
Four Types of Speech Context
2. Interpersonal
b.1 Dyad
- communication between two people
b.2 Small group
- communication that involves at least three but not more than
twelve people such as a club officers’ meeting
Speech Context
Four Types of Speech Context
3. Public
the type which refers to the communication that requires you to
deliver or send the message before a group of people which can
be driven by informational or persuasive purposes as in the
delivery of a graduation speech.
Speech Context
Four Types of Speech Context
4. Mass Communication
refers to the communication that takes place over the radio,
television, billboards, newspapers, magazines and other related
media.
Speech Context
Four Types of Speech Context
4. Mass Communication
refers to the communication that takes place over the radio,
television, billboards, newspapers, magazines and other related
media.
 Types of Speech Style
The context dictates and affects the way people communicate, which results in
various speech styles.
According to Joos (1968), there are five speech styles. These are (1) intimate, (2)
casual, (3) consultative, (4) formal, and (5) frozen.
Each style dictates what appropriate language or vocabulary should be used or
observed.
the form of language that the speaker uses which characterized by the degree of
formality from the most formal to the least formal style.
 Types of Speech Style
1. Intimate –
This style is private, which occurs between or among close family
members or individuals. The language used in this style may not be shared
in public.
Is used in conversations between people who are very close
Also free and easy participation
Language used is not public
 Types of Speech Style
2. Casual –
This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the
vernacular language are used.
Style is common among peers and friends
Free and easy participation of both speaker and listener
Diction or vocabulary to use is informal or colloquial
Common expressions:
oHey guys, lemme go, wassup, kinda.. Etc.
 Types of Speech Style
3. Consultative –
This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable
language is a must in this style.
Examples of situations are communication between teachers and
students, employers and employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer,
or President and his/her constituents.
 Types of Speech Style
3. Consultative –
Used in semi-formal communication
A style that shown our norm for coming to term with strangers who speak our
language but whose personal stock information maybe different
 happens in two-way participation
It is used in negotiating with the strangers or work colleagues
Used in small group discussion and in business-like situation
 Types of Speech Style
4. Formal –
This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is
one-way. Examples are sermons by priests and ministers, State of the
Nation Address of the President, formal speeches, or pronouncements by
judges.
 Types of Speech Style
4. Formal –
Inform and captivate audience according to joos.
Generally used in formal situation, where there is the least amount of
shared background and the communication in this style is largely one way
little or no feedback from the audience
Scripted speech
 Types of Speech Style
5. Frozen –
This style is “frozen” in time and remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in
ceremonies. Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution,
Lord’s Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag.
 Types of Speech Style
5. Frozen –
 it is intended to be remembered and used in a very formal setting such as in palace,
church ritual, speech for state ceremony, and some other occasions.
Involves very large group of people whose members are known to one another.
Most highly formal style which uses the most complex grammatical structure and
vocabulary known only to expert in a particular field.
Utilizes customary and ritualized expressions
 Types of Speech Act
According to J. L. Austin (1962), a philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech Act Theory,
there are three types of acts in every utterance, given the right circumstances or context.

1. Locutionary act

2. Illocutionary act

3. Perlocutionary act
 Types of Speech Act
Three Types of Speech Act
1. Locutionary act
Locutionary act is the basic act of utterance or producing a meaningful
expression. When someone produces the utterance, that utterance is called
locutionary act. 
Example:
someone said “it is rain outside!”, the utterance itself “it is rain outside!”
 Types of Speech Act
Three Types of Speech Act
1. Locutionary act
In the simple explanation, locutionary act is the act of saying, the literal meaning of the utterance.
Locutionary act also can be called speaker‟s utterance. Locutionary act is the literal meaning of the
utterance, that is, the meaning of the utterance which is carried by the words in the utterance and their
arrangement or their structure of words (Wagiman, 2008).
When we have difficulty with actually forming the sounds and words to create a
meaningful utterance in a language, then we might fail to produces a locutionary act.
 Types of Speech Act
Three Types of Speech Act
2. Illocutionary act
Illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance.
Illocutionary act is an utterance with some kind of function in mind. Someone might
utter to make a statement, an offer, an explanation, or for some other communicative
purpose. This is also generally known as the illocutionary force of the utterance
(Yule, 1996).
This mean, in every utterance that we produced it is also another act that performed inside the
utterance. Illocutionary is the act of the utterance. It is the act which is performed by saying the
utterance. It is the underlying force of the utterance or the interpretation of the utterance by the hearer
(Wagiman, 2008).
 Types of Speech Act
Three Types of Speech Act
2. Illocutionary act
Illocutionary act would include stating, promising, apologizing, threatening, predicting, ordering and
requesting.
Example:
“it is rain outside!”.
That utterance could be has meaning the speaker wish the hearer use umbrella if the hearer want to
go outside, or the speaker want the hearer not to go outside and stay still in the room. 
 Types of Speech Act
Three Types of Speech Act
3. Perlocutionary act
Perlocutionary act is the effect of the utterance on the hearer, depending on specific circumstances.
This is the effect on the hearer of what the speaker says. Perlocutionary act is the consequent effect
of the utterance on the hearer, or the overall aim of the utterance
(Wagiman, 2008).
Perlocutionary act is the hearer‟s reaction toward the speaker’s
utterance. 
 Types of Speech Act
Three Types of Speech Act
3. Perlocutionary act
Perlocutionary acts would include such effects as persuading,
embarrassing, intimidating, boring, irritating, or inspiring the hearer.
For example:
“it is rain outside!”.
The perlocutionary effect from that utterance may the hearer
use umbrella when he or she go to outside, or the hearer keep stay still in the room.
 GOOD LUCK
Happy Christmas