ENERGY CONVERSION ONE

(Course 25741)

Chapter Two
TRANSFORMERS
…continued
 Three Phase Transformers
• Almost all major generation & Distribution Systems in the world
are three phase ac systems
• Three phase transformers play an important role in these
systems
• Transformer for 3 phase cct.s is either:
(a) constructed from 3 single phase transformers, or
(b) another approach is to employ a common core for
the three sets of windings of the three phases
• The construction of a single three phase transformer is the
preferred today, it is lighter, smaller, cheaper and slightly more
efficient
• There is an advantage that each unit in the bank could be
replaced individually in the event of a fault, however this does
not outweigh the other advantages of combined 3 ph. unit
 Three Phase Transformers
• How the core of compact three phase is built
• φa+φb+φc=0 and central leg can be removed
 Three Phase Transformers
• The two constructions
 Three Phase Transformers
• 3 phase transformer connections
• The windings of primary and secondary (in any
construction) can be connected in either a wye (Y) or
delta (Δ)
• This provides a total of 4 possible connections for 3
phase transformer (if Neutral is not grounded):
(a) Wye-wye Y-Y
(b) Wye-delta Y-Δ
(c) Delta-wye Δ-Y
(d) Delta-Delta Δ-Δ
 Three Phase Transformers
• To analyze a 3-phase transformer, each single
transformer in the bank should be analyzed
• Any single phase in bank behaves exactly like 1 phase
transformer just studied
• impedance, V.R., efficiency, & similar calculations for
3 ph. are done on per phase basis, using the same
technique already used in single phase Transformer
• The applications, advantages and disadvantages of
each type of three phase connections will be
discussed next
 Three Phase Transformers
• WYE-WYE connection
• In Y-Y connection, primary voltage on each phase is
VφP=VLP/√3
• Primary phase voltage is related to secondary phase voltage by
turns ratio of transformer
• Phase voltage of secondary is related to Line voltage of
secondary by VLS=√3 VφS
• Overall the voltage ratio of transformer is:

VLP 3VP
•  a Y-Y
VLS 3VS
 Three Phase Transformers
• Two serious concerns on Y-Y connection
1- if loads on transformer cct. are unbalanced,
voltages on phases of transformer severely
unbalanced, also source is loaded in an
unbalanced form
2- Third harmonic voltages can be large (there
is no path for passage of third harmonic
current)
• Both concerns on unbalance load condition & large 3 rd
Harmonic voltages can be rectified as follows:
 Three Phase Transformers
• Solidly grounding the neutrals of windings
specially primary winding, this connection provide a path for 3rd
harmonic current flow, produced and do not let build up of large
3rd voltages . Also provides a return path for any current
imbalances in load
• Adding a third winding (tertiary) connected in Δ
(a) 3rd harmonic components of voltage in Δ will add up, causing
a circulating current flow within winding
(b) tertiary winding should be large enough to handle circulating
currents (normally 1/3 of power rating of two main windings)
One of these corrective techniques should be employed with Y-
Y, however normally very few transformer with this type of
connection is employed (others can do the same job)
 Three Phase Transformers
• WYE-DELTA CONNECTION
• VLP=√3 VφP, while : VLS= VφS
• Voltage ratio of each phase : VφP/ VφS=a
• VLP/ VLS= √3 VφP/ VφS= √3 a  Y-Δ
• Y-Δ doesn’t have shortcomings of Y-Y regarding
generation of third harmonic voltage since the Δ
provide a circulating path for 3rd Harmonic
• Y-Δ is more stable w.r.t. unbalanced loads, since Δ
partially redistributes any imbalance that occurs
• This configuration causes secondary voltage to be
shifted 30◦ relative to primary voltage
• If secondary of this transformer should be paralleled
with secondary of another transformer without phase
shift, there would be a problem
 Three Phase Transformers
• WYE-DELTA CONNECTION
 Three Phase Transformers
Y-Δ Connection
• The phase angles of secondaries must be
equal if they are to be paralleled, it means that
direction of phase shifts also should be the
same
• In figure shown here, secondary lags primary if
abc phase sequence applied,
• However secondary leads primary when acb
phase sequence applied
 Three Phase Transformers
Δ-Y Connection
• DELTA-WYE CONNECTION
• In Δ-Y primary line voltage is equal to primary
phase voltage VLP=VφP, in secondary VLS=√3VφS
• Line to line voltage ratio ;
• VLP/ VLS = VφP/ [√3 VφS ]=a/√3  Δ-Y
• This connection has the same advantages &
phase shifts as Y- Δ
• And Secondary voltage lags primary voltage by
30◦ with abc phase sequence
 Three Phase Transformers
Δ- Δ Connection
• DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION
• In Δ-Δ connection VLP= VφP and VLS= VφS
• Voltage ratio : VLP/VLS= VφP / VφS =a  Δ-Δ
• This configuration has no phase shift and there
is no concern about unbalanced loads or
harmonics
Three Phase Transformers
Δ- Δ Connection
 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
PER UNIT
• In 3 phase, similarly a base is selected
• If Sbase is for a three phase system, the per phase basis is :
S1φ,base= Sbase/3
• base phase current, and impedance are:
• Iφ,base= S1φ,base/ Vφ,base= Sbase /(3Vφ,base)
• Zbase=(Vφ,base)²/ S1φ,base
• Zbase=3(Vφ,base)²/ Sbase
• Relation between line base voltage, and phase base voltage
depends on connection of windings, if connected in Δ ;
VL,base=Vφ,base and
• if connected in Wye: VL,base= √3Vφ,base
• Base line current in 3 phase transformer:
• IL,base= Sbase/ (√3 VL,base)
 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
PER UNIT
• A 50 kVA 13800/208 V Δ-Y distribution transformer
has a resistance of 1 percent & a reactance of 7
percent per unit
(a) what is transformer’s phase impedance referred to
H.V. side?
(b) Calculate this transformer’s voltage regulation at
full load and 0.8 PF lagging using the calculated high-
side impedance
(c) Calculate this transformer’s voltage regulation
under the same conditions, using the per-unit system
 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
PER UNIT
• SOLUTION
• (a) Base of High voltage=13800 V, Sbase=50 kVA
• Zbase=3(Vφ,base)²/Sbase=3(13800)²/50000=11426Ω
• The per unit impedance of transformer is:
• Zeq=0.01+j 0.07 pu
• Zeq=Zeq,pu Zbase =(0.01+j0.07 pu)(11426)=
114.2 + j 800 Ω
• (b) to determine V.R. of 3 phase Transformer bank, V.R. of any
single transformer can be determined
• V.R. =(VφP-a VφS)/ (aVφS) x 100%
• Rated phase voltage on primary 13800 V, rated phase current
on primary: Iφ=S/(3 Vφ) =50000/(3x13800)=1.208 A
 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
PER UNIT
• Example …
• Rated secondary phase voltage: 208 V/√3=120V
• Referred to H.V.  V’φS=a VφS13800 V
• At rated voltage & current of secondary:
VφP=a VφS+Req Iφ + j Xeq Iφ =
13800/_0◦ +(114.2)(1.208/_-36.87)+(j800)(1.208)/_-36.87)=
13800+138/_-36.87+966.4/_53.13= 13800+110.4-
j82.8+579.8+j773.1= 14490+j690.3= 14506/_2.73◦ V
V.R. = (VφP-a VφS )/ (a VφS ) x 100%=
(14506-13800)/13800 x 100% = 5.1%
 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS
PER UNIT
• Example …
• (c) V.R. using per unit system
• output voltage 1/_0◦ & current 1/_-36.87◦ pu
VP=1/_0◦ +(0.01) (1/_-36.87◦)+(j0.07)(1/_-
36.87◦)=1+0.008-j0.006+0.042+ j0.056
=1.05+j0.05=1.051/_2.73◦
• V.R.= (1.051-1.0)/1.0 x100% = 5.1%
 Apparent Power Rating of a
Transformer
• Apparent power rating & Voltage rating set current flow of
windings
• Current flow important as it controls I²R losses
in turn control heating of coils
Heating is critical, since overheating the coils reduce insulation
life
• Actual VA rating of a transformer may be more than a single
value:
In real Transformer: (a) may be a VA rating for transformer by
itself, (b) another (higher) rating for transformer with forced
cooling
• If a transformer’s voltage reduced for any reason (i.e. operating
with lower frequency than normal) then transformer VA rating
must reduced by an equal amount, otherwise current exceed
permissible level & cause overheating
 Inrush Current
• This is caused by applied voltage level at energization
of transformer, or due to residual flux in the
transformer core
• Suppose that voltage is : v(t)=VM sin(ωt+θ) V
• The maximum flux reached during first half-cycle of
applied voltage depends on θ
• If θ=90◦ or : v(t)=VM cos(ωt)
& no residual flux in core  max. flux would be :
φmax=Vmax/(ωNP)
• However if θ=0 the max. flux would be
φmax=2Vmax/(ωNP) and is twice the steady-state flux
 Inrush Current
• With this high maximum
flux if the magnetization
curve examined it shows
passage of enormous
magnetizing current,
(looks like short circuit in
part of cycle)
• In these cases that θ is
not 90◦ this excess current
exist, therefore power
system & transformer
must be able to withstand
these currents
 Transformer Nameplate
• Example: