PRESENTATION TITLE

THE IMPORTANCE OF
BUILDING A FOUDATION FOR
USER INVOLVEMENT IN
INFORMATION SYSTEM
PROJECTS
By ESENTATION TITLE

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 CONTENT/SCOPE
 Introduction
 Lack of User Support
 Importance of User Support
 Various User Support Risk Control
 System Development
 Preproject – What?, Advantages?
 Study/Research
 Results/Findings
 Conclusion
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 INTRODUCTION
 What is a Project needs?
 A Project’s needs begin a series of events that ultimately result
in the production of a deliverable design to satisfy the user’s
wants.

 Traditional project approaches focus on the followings:

 Identifying Needs.
 Specifying Requirements.

 These approaches provide excellent information on the

followings:
 Understanding functions of current system.
 Determining available inputs and desired outputs.
 Locating interested parties.
 Determining nature of stakeholders interests.

 These approaches however are not able to prevent a lack of

user support during the entire development process of the
projects.
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 USER SUPPORT RISK CONTROL
 User Support Risk Control is to offset risk of low user
support. In other words it is to improve user involvement
and participation in IS Project.
 Various User Support Control proposed by researchers
from late 1970s’ to late 1990s’ were as follows:
 Assigning IS users as members of IS project development team.
 Providing System Development training and education to IS users.
 Defining System Requirements.
 Using prototyping and evolutionary approaches.
 Providing feedback and status report to IS users.
 Getting top management support
 Avoiding changes in user jobs.

cont…
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IMPORTANCE OF USER SUPPORT

 User involvement in the process of developing

Information System (IS) is a critical component of
eventual success.
 In the 1960s’, IS practitioner and research
communities considered user support as one of the
most critical IS Project success factors.

cont…
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 LACK OF USER SUPPORT

 Numerous studies from mid 1980s’ to mid 1990s’

have demonstrated the negative effects a lack of
user support has on project performance.
 Lack of User Support on Project Performance give
rise to the following negative effect:
 Resistance to change.
 Unwilling involvement.

cont…
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 LACK OF USER SUPPORT
 User Support Risk Control is to offset risk of low user
support. In other words it is to improve user involvement
and participation in IS Project.
 Various User Support Control proposed by researchers
from late 1970s’ to late 1990s’ were as follows:
 Assigning IS users as members of IS project development team.
 Providing System Development training and education to IS users.
 Defining System Requirements.
 Using prototyping and evolutionary approaches.
 Providing feedback and status report to IS users.
 Getting top management support
 Avoiding changes in user jobs.

cont…
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 VARIOUS USER SUPPORT RISK
CONTROL
 User Support Risk Control is to offset risk of low user
support. In other words it is to improve user involvement
and participation in IS Project.
 Various User Support Control proposed by researchers
from late 1970s’ to late 1990s’ were as follows:
 Assigning IS users as members of IS project development team.
 Providing System Development training and education to IS users.
 Defining System Requirements.
 Using prototyping and evolutionary approaches.
 Providing feedback and status report to IS users.
 Getting top management support
 Avoiding changes in user jobs.

cont…
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  The scope of aforementioned proposed approaches is
however, a response to the lack of user support during the
system development stage.
 Project Managers must therefore involve users throughout the
entire project development stage.
 Many recent experts argue that prevention of lack of user
support before and during an IS project requires the
followings:
 Good effective communication.
 A positive relationship between IS users and IS staff.

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 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
 System Development involved numerous stakeholders
namely as follows:
 IS Staffs.
 IS Users.
 Financial Sponsors.
 Top Management.
 Functional Managers.
 Customers.
 Public.

 Discrepancies will occur and must be expected both prior to

the start of the project and during the evaluation stages.
 If the goals, objectives or expectations of the stakeholders are
not aligned, thus the system success is doomed.

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 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
 User Support Risk Control is to offset risk of low user
support. In other words it is to improve user involvement
and participation in IS Project.
 Various User Support Control proposed by researchers
from late 1970s’ to late 1990s’ were as follows:
 Assigning IS users as members of IS project development team.
 Providing System Development training and education to IS users.
 Defining System Requirements.
 Using prototyping and evolutionary approaches.
 Providing feedback and status report to IS users.
 Getting top management support
 Avoiding changes in user jobs.

cont…
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 User Support Risk Control is to offset risk of low user
support. In other words it is to improve user involvement
and participation in IS Project.
 Various User Support Control proposed by researchers
from late 1970s’ to late 1990s’ were as follows:
 Assigning IS users as members of IS project development team.
 Providing System Development training and education to IS users.
 Defining System Requirements.
 Using prototyping and evolutionary approaches.
 Providing feedback and status report to IS users.
 Getting top management support
 Avoiding changes in user jobs.

cont…
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 PREPROJECT
 According TOser Support Risk Control is to offset risk of
low user support. In other words it is to improve user
involvement and participation in IS Project.
 Various User Support Control proposed by researchers
from late 1970s’ to late 1990s’ were as follows:
 Assigning IS users as members of IS project development team.
 Providing System Development training and education to IS users.
 Defining System Requirements.
 Using prototyping and evolutionary approaches.
 Providing feedback and status report to IS users.
 Getting top management support
 Avoiding changes in user jobs.

cont…
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  Preservation usually involves preventing the
growth of fungi, bacteria and other
microorganisms, as well as retarding the oxidation
of fats which cause rancidity. It also includes
processes to inhibit natural ageing and
discolouration that can occur during food
preparation such as the enzymatic browning
reaction in apples which causes browning when
apples are cut.

 Thus food could be preserved by:

 Keeping it dry.
 Keeping it hot or frozen.
 Keeping it air-tight.

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 WAYS TO PRESERVE FOOD

 Drying.
 Boiling.
 Cooling.
 Vacuum-packing.
 Pickling.
 Freezing.
 Bottling/Canning.
 Pasteurising.
 Salting.
 Smoking.
 Waxing.

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 SUMMARY OF WAYS TO
PRESERVE FOOD
 Drying.
 Involves removal of water from food substances.
 Drying of food by:
 Leaving it in the sun.
 Heating it in the oven.
 Heating it in a flame.

 Boiling.
 Involves heating food in boiling water.

 Cooling.
 Involves keeping the food in a low temperature (0°C - 5 °C).

 Vacuum-packing.
 Involves keeping the food in an air-tight package after air has been
removed.
 Pickling .
 Involves reducing water content from food substances.
 Is done by soaking food in vinegar, salt solution or sugar solution.
cont…
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  Freezing .
 Involves cooling the food in a very low temperature (below 0°C) until
the food freezes.
 Bottling/Canning.
 Involves food being canned or bottled in air-tight cans or bottles.

 Pasteurising .
 Involves food being heated quickly for a few seconds (eg 72°C for
fifteen seconds) and followed by a rapid cooling to below 0°C.

 Salting .
 Involves adding a large amount of salt to the food.

 Smoking .
 Involves food by hung over a fire where the smoke from the fire would
dried the food.

 Waxing .
 Involves covering the food with wax.

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 PICKLING AS A WAY TO
PRESERVE FOOD
 Involves reducing water content from food substances.

 Is done by soaking food in vinegar, salt solution or sugar

solution.

 This prevents the growth of fungi and bacteria.

 Food preserved by pickling will last longer.
 Its taste, colour and nutrient would changed.
 Food that can be preserved by pickling are fruits and
vegetables.

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 PICKLING PROCESS OR
METHODOLOGY
 Cut some green mangoes.

 Wash and drain the mango slices.

cont…
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  Mix the mango slices with salt and leave them
overnight.

 Wash and drain the mango slices again.

cont…
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  Soak the mango slices in the concentrated sugar
solution for several days and add some vinegar.

 Seal the bottle tightly.

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 22
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