POWER SYSTEM

POWER SECTOR SCENARIO: WORLD

• A global economy growing at an average rate of 3.4% per year, a population
that expands from 7.4 billion today to more than 9 billion in 2040, and a
process of urbanisation that adds a city the size of Shanghai to the world’s
urban population every four months are key forces that underpin the
projections of power sector scenario.
• The largest contribution to demand growth – almost 30% – comes from
India, whose share of global energy use rises to 11% by 2040 (still well
below its 18% share in the anticipated global population).
• Southeast Asia is another rising heavyweight in global energy, with demand
growing at twice the pace of China.
• Overall, developing countries in Asia account for two-thirds of global energy
growth, with the rest coming mainly from the Middle East, Africa and Latin
America.  
Source: World Energy Outlook 2017: Published on 14, November 2017
GROWING GLOBAL ENERGY DEMAND
Indian Power System
General Power System Component
 Structure of India Power System
NTPC, THDC, NHPC, NEEPCO
Central, State & Private Sector
etc

765KV,400KV EHVAC/+500KV
Inter –State Transmission
HVDC

Intra –State Transmission 220/132/66KV

Urban Electricity/ State

Rural Electrification Govt./Pvt Discom
Structure of India Power System

ISGS: Inter-State Gen Station

IPP: Independent Power
Producer
Installed Capacity All India
Installed Capacity in
Sector
MW

RES
20%
Thermal 221803
Nuclear
2%
Hydro 45457
Hydro
13% Thermal
64% Nuclear 6780

RES 70649

Total 344689

As on 11.09.2018 and RES Data are as on 30.06.2018, Source: www. powermin.nic.in

Installed Capacity All India

Installed Capacity
Sector in MW
Central
Private 25%
46%
Central 84627
State
30% State 102926

Private 157136

Total 344689
Central State Private
As on 11.09.2018 and RES Data are as on 30.06.2018, Source: www. powermin.nic.in
National Grid
Evolution of National Grid
Power MAP
Milestone in Evolution of National Grid
Year Milestone
1948 Electricity (Supply) Act 1948. The Act provided for establishment of the Central
Electricity Authority (CEA) and the State Electricity Boards

1950-60 Growth of State Grids and introduction of 220 kV voltage level

1964 Constitution of Regional Electricity Boards

1965-73 Interconnecting State Grids to form Regional Grid systems

1977 Introduction of 400 kV voltage level

1980-88 Growth of Regional Grid Systems as associated transmission system with Central
Sector generation
1989 HVDC back-to-back System

1990 Introduction of HVDC bi-pole line

Milestone in Evolution of National Grid
1992 Synchronous inter-connection of ER and NER
1999 Transmission planning re-oriented towards all-India system
2000 Introduction of 765 kV transmission line (initially charged at 400 kV)
Electricity Act 2003
ABT with real time settlement mechanism implemented in all the five electrical regions creating the
2003  basic infrastructure for the operation of an electricity market.
Synchronous inter-connection of WR with ER-NER system
Bulk inter-regional HVDC transmission system (Talcher – Kolar HVDC link)
2004 Open access in transmission

2006 Synchronous inter-connection of NR with ER-NER-WR system (formation of NEW Grid)

765 kV operation of Sipat Substation

2017
765 kV operation of 765kV transmission lines
Milestone in Evolution of National Grid
2010 Notification of POSOCO – for operation of RLDCs/ NLDC as a separate organization from
CTU
Implementation of point-of-connection based method for sharing transmission charges
2011 and losses all across the country.
2013 Synchronous inter-connection of SR and NEW Grid
2016-17 Interconnection between India and Bangladesh (500 MW asynchronous HVDC back-to-back link at
Bheramara, Bangladesh and 400 kV D/c transmission line between at Baharampur in India and Bheramara in
Bangladesh.)

2016-17 2016-17 Interconnection between India and Mynmaar

2016-17 NER directly connected with NR. The longest 6000 MW HVDC line (±)800kV) from Bishwanath Chariali
in NER to Agra in NR for dispersal of power from NER to NR/WR
Power System Operation &
Control
Power Control System
Demarcation of Responsibilities for Operation of GRID

Scheduling and despatch of electricity over inter-regional links

NLDC
●

●
Coordination with Regional Load Despatch Centers for the energy accounting
●
Coordination for trans-national exchange of power

Coordinating scheduling/Drawal of a generating station

RLDC
●

●
Periodically review the actual deviation from the despatch and net drawal schedules
●
Computation of actual net injection /drawal of concerned regional entities
●
May direct SLDCs/ISGS/other regional entities to increase/decrease their drawal/generation in case of contingencies

ISGS
●
Power generation / generally according to the daily schedules
●
Demonstrate the declared capability of its generating station as and when asked
●
Maintain log books of the generating station for review by the Regional Power Committee

CTU ●
Install special energy meters on all inter connections
Scheduling and Despatch
Generating station shall be required to declare its machine availability daily on day
ahead basis for all the time blocks of the day in line with the scheduling procedure of
IEGC 6.5 and CERC Tariff Regulation

• Every day by 0600, the ISGS shall advise the concerned RLDC, the station-wise ex-power plant
MW and MWh capabilities foreseen for the next day, i.e., from 0000 hrs to 2400 hrs of the
following day.
• The above information of the foreseen capabilities of the ISGS and the corresponding MW
and MWh entitlements of each State, shall be compiled by the RLDC every day for the next
day,
• RLDC advised to all beneficiaries as per time line.
• The SLDCs shall review it vis-à-vis their foreseen load pattern and their own generating
capability including bilateral exchanges, if any,
• SLDC advise the RLDC their drawal schedule for each of the ISGS in which they have Shares,
• Contd…
Scheduling and Despatch procedure
• Each day, the RLDC shall convey:
• The ex-power plant “despatch schedule” to each of the ISGS, in MW for different time
block, for the next day.
• The summation of the ex-power plant drawal schedules advised by all beneficiaries shall
constitute the ex-power plant station-wise despatch schedule.
• The “net drawal schedule” to each regional entity , in MW for different time block, for
the next day.
• The summation of the station-wise ex-power plant drawal schedules from all ISGS and
drawal from /injection to regional grid consequent to other long term access, medium
term and short-term open access transactions, after deducting the transmission losses
(estimated), shall constitute the regional entity-wise drawal schedule.

• The SLDCs/ISGS shall inform any modifications/changes to be made in drawal

schedule/foreseen capabilities, if any, to RLDC as per designated time limit.
• Contd…
 Scheduling and Despatch procedure
• As variation of generation in run-of-river power stations shall lead to
spillage, these shall be treated as must run stations.
• ‘MUST RUN’ power plants are not be subjected to ‘merit order despatch’
principles.
• Run-of-river power station with pondage and storage type power stations
are designed to operate during peak hours to meet system peak demand.
• Maximum capacity of the station declared for the day shall be equal to the
installed capacity including overload capability, if any, minus auxiliary
consumption, corrected for the reservoir level.
• The Regional Load Despatch Centers shall ensure that generation
schedules of such type of stations are prepared and the stations
despatched for optimum utilization of available hydro energy except in the
event of specific system requirements/constraints.
Contd…
Scheduling and Despatch procedure
• After the operating day is over at 2400 hours, the schedule finally implemented
during the day (taking into account all before-the-fact changes in despatch
schedule of generating stations and drawal schedule of the States) shall be
issued by RLDC. These schedules shall be the datum for commercial accounting.
The average ex-bus capability for each ISGS shall also be worked out based on
all before-the-fact advice to RLDC.

• While availability declaration by ISGS shall have a resolution of one (1) MW and
one (1) MWh, all entitlements, requisitions and schedules shall be rounded off
to the nearest two decimal at each control area boundary for each of the
transaction, to have a resolution of 0.01 MW and 0.01 MWh.”
 Time Line for Information Exchange for Scheduling
Information Particulars From To To Be Sent by
(Time in Hrs)
Station –wise Ex-Power Plant MW and MWh capabilities ISGS(Regional NRLDC 0600
foreseen for the next day i.e. 0000Hrs to 2400 hrs for 96 Entity
blocks of 15 mins duration each Generator)

MW and MWh entitlements available to each state during NRLDC SLDC 0800
the following day at 15 mins interval
The original beneficiary shall communicate its consent to SLDC ISGS 0945
the ISGS about the quantum and duration of power for
next day for sale in the market
Generation Schedule finalized for its stations in BBMB/Delhi/ NRLDC 1500
consultation with its partner states. Haryana/J&K/
UP SLDC

Source- NRLDC: Operating Procedure for Northern Region-2018

Contd…
 Time Line for Information Exchange for Scheduling
Information Particulars From To To Be Sent by
(Time in Hrs)
Scheduling Request of Collective Transactions NLDC NRLDC 1600

Interchange Schedule to each of the regional entity, in MW NRLDC Regional 1800

after deducting the apportioned estimated transmission Entity
losses
RLDC to display on its website the ISGS stations having NRLDC(RSD ISGS 1900
schedule less than technical minimum level Procedure)

The Beneficiary may submit revised requisition w.r.t. SLDC(RSD NRLDC 2000
technical minimum to RLDC; RLDC may moderate the procedure)
schedule suo-moto in view of better system operation

Source- NRLDC: Operating Procedure for Northern Region-2018

Contd…
 Time Line for Information Exchange for Scheduling
Information Particulars From To To Be Sent by
(Time in Hrs)
ISGS may opt for removing unit under Reserve Shutdown ISGS (RSD NRLDC 2100
under intimation to RLDC procedure)

Modification /changes to be made if any in the above SLDC/ISGS/Re NRLDC 2200

schedule in view of grid condition; gional Entity

Final generation/drawal schedule NRLDC SLDC/ISGS 2300

Source- NRLDC: Operating Procedure for Northern Region-2018

Scheduling Report
Scheduling Report
Deviation Settlement
Mechanism(DSM)
 Deviation Settlement Mechanism
• Objective
Maintain grid discipline and grid securities envisaged under the Grid Code through the
commercial mechanism for Deviation Settlement through drawal and injection of
electricity by the users of the grid.
• DSM Charges
• The charges for the Deviations for all the time-blocks shall be payable for over drawal
by the buyer and under-injection by the seller and receivable for under-drawal by the
buyer and over-injection by the seller and shall be worked out on the average
frequency of a time-block at the rates specified
• Charges for deviation for each 0.01 Hz step is equivalent to
• Frequency >50.05 - No Chrges
• Frequency range (50.05-50.00 Hz) - 35.60 Paise/kWh
• Frequency range 50 Hz to below 49.70 Hz ) - 20.84 Paise/kWh
 Deviation Settlement Mechanism
Limits on Deviation volume and consequences of crossing limits
The under-injection / over-injection of electricity by a seller during a time-block shall not
exceed 12% of the scheduled injection of such seller or 150 MW, whichever is lower when
frequency is 49.70 Hz and above
Provided that –
• No under injection of electricity by a seller shall be permissible when grid frequency is
"below 49.70 Hz" and no over injection of electricity by a seller shall be permissible
when grid frequency is "50.10 Hz and above”.
• Any infirm injection of power by a generating station prior to COD of a unit during
testing and commissioning activities shall be exempted from the volume limit specified
above for a period not exceeding 6 months or the extended time allowed by the
Commission in accordance with the Connectivity Regulations.
• Any drawal of power by a generating station prior to COD of a unit for the startup
activities shall be exempted from the volume limit specified above when grid frequency
is 49.70Hz and above.
Deviation Charges
Deviation Charges
Norms of Operation of Hydro
Generating Stations
As per
Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission
 Norms of Operation for Hydro Generating Stations
Background:
In first regulations,2001 followings norms with regards to Hydro Stations:
Normative Capacity Index
Auxiliary Consumption
Transformational Losses
 In subsequent regulation in 2004, approved above norms with regard to hydro
generating stations , however, the Commission approved separate norms for
capacity index for first year of commercial operation and thereafter.
 In Tariff order ,2009 introduced Normative Annual Plant Availability
Factor(NAPAF) alongwith to recovery mechanism linked to NAPAF instead of
Capacity Index.
 Commission approved recovery mechanism for fixed charges to recover only
50% of Annual Fixed Charges corresponding to NAPAF and 50% to be recovered
as Energy Charges.
Contd…
Norms of Operation for Hydro Generating Stations
Norms for Operation of Hydro Plants:
 Normative Annual Plant Availability Factor (NAPAF),
• Storage and Pondage type plants with head variation between Full ReservoirLevel
(FRL) and Minimum Draw Down Level (MDDL) of up to 8%, and where plant
availability is not affected by silt : 90%
• In case of storage and pondage type plants with head variation between full
reservoir level and minimum draw down level is more than 8% and when plant
availability is not affected by silt, the month wise peaking capability as provided by
the project authorities in the DPR (approved by CEA or the State Government) shall
form basis of fixation of NAPAF.(This norms is applicable for determining the
NAPAF of Tehri HPP)
• Pondage type plants where plant availability is significantly affected by silt: 85%.
• Run-of-river type plants: NAPAF to be determined plant-wise, based on 10-day
design energy data, moderated by past experience where available/relevant. .(This
norms is applicable for determining the NAPAF of KHEP)
Contd…
Norms of Operation for Hydro Generating Stations
Norms for Operation of Hydro Plants:
 Normative Annual Plant Availability Factor (NAPAF),
• A further allowance may be made by the Commission in NAPAF
determination under special circumstances, e.g. abnormal silt problem or
other operating conditions, and known plant limitations.
• A further allowance of 5% may be allowed for difficulties in North East
Region.
 NAPAF Calculation of Tehri HPP
Month Expected average of daily 3-hours peaking capacity
April 701
May 448
June 497
July 544
August 990
September 1000
October 1000
November 1000
December 1000
January 1000
February 693
March 605
 NAPAF Calculation of Tehri HPP
• Weighted average of Expected daily peaking capability=790MW
• Peaking capacity is based on the assumption that one unit shall be under
annual maintenance during month of May,June, Feb and March
• Considering 2% allowance on plant capacity on account of forced outages
during the year, expected average peaking capacity=770MW
• Thus, NAPAF=770/1000=77%
 NAPAF Calculation of KHEP
Month   Days PAF(in %)
April I 10 73.417%
  II 10 75.000%
  III 10 75.000%
May I 10 100.000%
  II 5 100.000%
  III 5 75.000%
  IV 11 75.000%
June I 10 75.000%
  II 10 75.000%
  III 10 25.000%
July I 10 25.000%
  II 10 25.000%
  III 11 25.000%
August I 10 100.000%
  II 10 100.000%
  III 11 100.000%
September I 10 87.583%
  II 10 100.000%
  III 10 25.000%
 NAPAF Calculation of KHEP
Month   Days PAF(in %)
September I 10 87.583%
  II 10 100.000%
  III 10 25.000%
October I 10 25.000%
  II 10 25.000%
  III 11 25.000%
November I 10 25.000%
  II 10 25.000%
  III 10 25.000%
December I 10 75.000%
  II 10 75.000%
  III 11 75.000%
January I 10 100.000%
  II 10 100.000%
  III 11 100.000%
February I 10 100.000%
  II 10 91.750%
  III 8 100.000%
March I 10 100.000%
  II 5 100.000%
  III 5 75.000%
  IV 11 75.000%
Weightage PAF= 69%
Forced Outage Margin= 2.000%
NAPAF= 67.000%
Norms of Operation for Hydro Generating Stations
Norms for Operation of Hydro Plants:
 Auxiliary Energy Consumption :
• Surface hydro generating stations
(i) with rotating exciters mounted on the generator shaft : 0.7%
(ii) with static excitation system : 1.00%
• Underground hydro generating stations
(i) with rotating exciters mounted on the generator shaft : 0.9%
(ii) with static excitation system: 1.2%
 Norms for Operation of Hydro Pumped Storage Plants
• In case of Pumped storage hydro generating stations, the quantum of
electricity required for pumping water from down-stream reservoir to up-
stream reservoir shall be arranged by the beneficiaries duly taking into
account the transmission and distribution losses etc. up to the bus bar of the
generating station.
• In return, beneficiaries shall be entitled to equivalent energy of 75% of the
energy utilized in pumping the water from the lower elevation reservoir to
the higher elevation reservoir from the generating station during peak hours
and the generating station shall be under obligation to supply such quantum
of electricity during peak hour
• In the event of the beneficiaries failing to supply the desired level of energy
during off-peak hours, there will be pro-rata reduction in their energy
entitlement from the station during peak hours
Contd…
 Norms of Operation for Hydro Pumped Storage Plants
Norms for Operation of Hydro Pumped Storage Plants:
• Beneficiaries may assign or surrender their share of capacity in the generating
station, in part or in full,
• Capacity may be reallocated by the Central Government, and in that event,
the owner or assignee of the capacity share shall be responsible for arranging
the equivalent energy to the generating station in off-peak hours, and be
entitled to corresponding energy during peak hours in the same way as the
original beneficiary was entitled.
Growth and Current Scenario of
Hydro Sector In India
Hydro Power in India

Installed capacity assessed 148701MW

Total Hydro potential 84044MW (at 60% Load factor)

Total Energy potential is assessed as 600billion units per year

MNRE has assessed (H.E. projects upto 25MW) installed Capacity as

19749MW
Hydro Power Projects Benefits
Cleanest & Greenest Power Resources
Non-Fossil
Bring Down Carbon Emission & Carbon Footprint
Quick Ramping Ability
Best Suited for Grid Stability by meeting peak power demand
Multiple benefits : Drinking Water, Irrigation and Flood Moderation
Recreation activities and promotion of tourism
Hydro Power providing full range of Grid
Stabilising Service
Quick start capability

Black Start Capability

Regulation and Frequency response

Voltage support by Synchronous Mode mode

Supply of Power as per requirement

Depletion of Hydro Power Share
Trends of Hydro Power Share in Indian Power Sector
400000 50.00%
45.69% 344689 45.00%
350000
41.20% 41.80% 40.60%
40.00%
300000 36.76%
33.96% 35.00%
250000 30.00%
28.77%
25.01% 199877
200000 25.24% 25.04% 25.00%

150000 132329 19.51% 20.00%

105046 15.00%
100000 85795 13.19%
63636 10.00%
50000 42585
16664 26680 5.00%
2886 4653 9027
0 0.00%
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII*
Installed Capacity(Including RE) % Share of Hydro Power

Source :CEA
Untapped Hydropower in India
Capacity in MW

70000 100.00%
87.70% 90.00%
60000
80.00%
50000 66.10% 70.00%
40000 60.00%
48.30% 50.00%
30000 35.90% 40.00%
33.12%
20000 30.00%
20.00%
10000 8.29% 10.00%
0 0.00%

Capacity Yet to be Developed in %

Issues & Challenges of Hydro
Sector In India
Challenges Associated With Hydro Power
Sector
Monsoon fed and non –perennial nature in peninsular India requires storage based solutions

International ,Socio-religious and environmental apprehensions restrain the pace of the development of
Hydropower

High Cost and Tariff during initial years-Discoms reluctant to purchase hydropower

High Rate of interest on loan & short tenure of loan

Withdrawal in 2012 of service tax exemption on construction of Dams and Tunnels, Excise duty exemption on E&M
supplies

Impositions of Water cess/Green cess by different agencies.

Transmission Bottlenecks
Challenges associated with Hydro Sector…
Delay in Completion of Basin Studies & effect of Basin Studies

Changing definition and retrospective effect of E-flow requirements

Bringing in ill defined concepts of longitudinal connectivity and free flow reaches

Time taken for Environment, Forest and wildlife clearances

Delay in appraisal and investment decisions

Issues due to geological surprises and planning & execution strategies adopted

Requirement of a comprehensive strategy and resource allocation for ensuring construction of a sound project based
on approved provisions
Current Issues & Challenges
Land acquisition Issues

Environment and Forest Issues

Rehabilitation & Resettlement Issues

Enabling Infrastructure

Law & Order / Local Issues

Technical Challenges

Natural Calamities

Source: Draft NEP prepared by CEA

Blackout in 2012
Blackout in 2012…….Background
• On 30th and 31st July 2012, two severe power
blackout affected most of northern and eastern and
north east grid of India.
• Blackout of 31st July is largest power outage in
history.
• The outage affected more than 620 million people,
about 9% of the world population or half of  India’s
population, spread across 22 states.
• Approximately 48000MW of consumer load across
21 States and 1 Union Territory was affected by the
grid disturbance
Blackout in 2012…….Sequence of Events
30 July 2012
At 02:35 IST (21:05 UTC on 29 July), Circuit Breakers on the 400 kV Bina –Gwaliar line tripped.
As this line fed into the  Agra- Bareily transmission section, breakers at the station also tripped,
and power failures cascaded through the grid. All major power stations were shut down in the
affected states, causing an estimated shortage of 32 GW.

It took 15 hours to restore 80% of service

31 July 2012
The system failed at 13:02 IST (07:32 UTC), the tripping of 400 kV Bina-Gwalior-1 appears to
be a case of Zone-3 distance protection acting due to load encroachment. After the tripping of
400 kV Bina-Gwalior-1, the system has collapsed within seconds and beyond the control of the
operator.
Blackout in 2012…….Role of Tehri HPP in restoration on 31 st July

• Tehri HEP Unit#2 was black started at 14:10 hrs. Supply from Tehri Hydro
extended to Koteshswar(PG) at 14:29 hrs.

• Supply from Koteshwar(PG) was extended to Koteshwar Hydro & 400kV Meerut
(PG) at 14:32 hrs.

• Koteshwar Hydro unit#1 was taken into service at 15:48 hrs.

• From Meerut(PG) supply was extended to Mandola(PG) at 14:58 hrs.Supply was

extended to Bareiley (PG) at 16:20 hrs.

• The supply from Bareilley(PG) was extended to Rosa TPS at 16:21 hrs.
Measures Proposed for Reliable and
Secure Operation of Power System
Ancillary Services
Definition: Ancillary Services are defined, under Regulation (2)(1)(b) of the CERC
(Indian Electricity Grid Code), Regulations, 2010 (IEGC) as follows :
“In relation to power system (or grid) operation, the services necessary to support
the power system (or grid) operation in maintaining power quality, reliability and
security of the grid, e.g. active power support for load following, reactive power
support, black start, etc;”

Ancillary services for Indian Electrical Power System:

 Frequency Maintenance: Real power support services or Frequency Support
Ancillary Services (FSAS)/ Load following,
 Voltage Maintenance: Voltage or reactive power support services
 Black start support services.
Frequency Control Response
Grid frequency is indicator of balance between generation and demand, mismatch
between these results into variations in frequency and necessitates continues
adjustment of generation. The governing system of generating stations provides for
this regulation/adjustment, when the generator is on bars, by controlling the steam
inflow/water inflow to the turbine.

Primary Frequency Control:

Continuous load changes results in mismatch of generation and load leading to
variation in frequency of interconnected power system. Keeping Governors free to
operate would enable smooth control of frequency fluctuations as well as security
against grid disturbances. Time Frame for primary Governor Action: few seconds
i.e. 2-5seconds.
Proviso in Indian Grid: FGMO/RGMO mode operation of Governor
Frequency Control Response
Secondary Frequency Control:
If the load generation imbalance caused by an outage of large generator or load
causing sudden variation in frequency of interconnected power system. In this
scenario frequency has to be restored through corrective action taken by the Control
Area within which the generation or load affected.
For Large interconnected system this Automatic Secondary Control is known as
Automatic Generation Control (AGC).
Time Frame for primary Governor Action: Few Minutes.
Secondary Control is absent in Indian Grid
Tertiary Frequency Control:
Loss of large generator (or load) may cause a large enough system excursion that
cannot be handled by regulatory reserve alone. The above secondary control reserve
also needs to be restored through tertiary reserves. Tertiary reserve provides
significant insurance against wide spread outages. Tertiary reserve had been a luxury
in our system that was perennially short of generation.
Frequency Control Response
Electricity Storage System(ESS)
Need of Electricity Storage System:
 Optimization of Generation
 Controlling Intermittent Generation from Renewable Sources
 Reliable Operation of Power System Operation
 Minimize the deviation from schedule dispatch or drawl
 Storage of Excess Generation of Grid
 Ancillary Service
Electricity Storage System(ESS)
Electricity Storage System(ESS)
PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS – BEST
FRIEND OF ELECTRICITY GRID
PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS – BEST FRIEND OF ELECTRICITY GRID

 Pumped Storage Plants (PSP) are playing an increasingly important

role in providing peaking power and maintaining system stability in
the power system of many countries.
 Pumped storage technology is the long term technically proven, cost
effective, highly efficient and operationally flexible way of energy
storage on a large scale to store intermittent and variant energy
generated by solar and wind.
 PSPs improve overall economy of power system operation, increase
capacity utilization of thermal stations and reduce operational
problems of thermal stations during light load period.
PUMPED STORAGE PLANTS – BEST FRIEND OF ELECTRICITY GRID
 PSPs improve overall economy of power system operation, increase
capacity utilization of thermal stations and reduce operational
problems of thermal stations during light load period.
 Availability of spinning reserve at almost no cost to the system and
regulating frequency to meet sudden load changes in the network.
 PSPs have the ability to provide ancillary benefits such as flexible
capacity, voltage support and Black-start facility etc.
 Pumped storage technology has advanced significantly since its
original introduction and now includes adjustable speed pumped
turbines which can quickly shift from motor, to generator, to
synchronous condenser modes, for easier and more flexible operation
of the Grid.
 THANKS
THANKS

01/21/2022 69