RFM Conts. Pt2 Press. Inject. Carb.

FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY
Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology
Recip. Eng. Fuel Metering
PRESSURE INJECTION
CARBURETORS
Revision No : Subject Code:

Issue No : Page No: 1 Date : 9 August 2006
PRESSURE INJECTION CARBURETORS
 Not used on modern a/c.
 Carburetor different from float-type.
 Fuel deliver under pressure by fuel

pump through carburetor and out to
discharge nozzle.
 No need to place discharge nozzle

in the venturi, reduce carburetor
icing and aids in fuel vaporization.

PRESSURE INJECTION CARBURETOR (Bendix PS7BD)

Main Metering.
Purpose:-
= to supply the correct amount of fuel to the engine.
 Comprised of ;
a) fuel regulator or fuel control unit,

b) main metering jet and
c) throttle valve.

Pressure Injection Carburetor Conts.
a) Fuel regulator (FCU)
- Consist of five chambers, inner and

outer diaphragm, poppet valve
assembly and main metering jet.
- Filtered air enter the carburetor.
- Potion of the air flows into impact

annulus around the venturi.
- Impact air enters the annulus, velocity

decrease and pressure increase.


a) Fuel regulator (FCU) cont’s
- Impact air than directed into

chamber A of the regulator unit
presses against one side of the inner
diaphragm.
- Low press. within the venturi is

vented to chamber B act on the
opposite side of the inner diaphragm.
- The difference pressure between

chamber A and B causes the inner
diaphragm to move to the right.

- The amount of movement is

proportional to the volume of air
entering the engine.
- Force produced by pressure

differential between chamber A & B
referred to as “air metering force”.
- As air metering force increases, it

overcomes spring tension and opens
a poppet valve.

Pressure Injection Carburetor Conts

- Poppet valve opens, a
regulated amount of
pressurized fuel flows into
chamber D and pushes against
the outer regulator diaphragm
in attempt to close the poppet
valve.
- The fuel metering force

balances the air metering force
to hold the poppet valve off it
seat, an amount proportional to
the volume of air entering the
engine.


- When engine is idling,
insufficient amount of airflow to
produce a steady air metering
force to open the poppet valve.
- At idle speed, coil spring

tension forces the diaphragm
over and opens the poppet
valve to provide fuel pressure
for engine to idle.

Pressure injection carburetor conts.

> The regulated fuel (chamber
D) passes through metering
jet (chamber C) considered to
be metered and pressure
remain constant during all
engine operations.
> Metered fuel (chamber C) is

routed through idle needle
valve and discharge valve
before discharged out of the
discharge nozzle.


b) Main metering jet.
> All power setting above idle, a
combination of spring pressure and low
pressure on the backside of a
diaphragm hold the idle valve open far
enough that it does not obstruct fuel
flow.
> Above idle speed fuel metering

provided by main metering jet
only.
> After passes through the idle needle

valve, fuel flows up to a diaphragm type
discharge nozzle valve.


b) Main metering jet cont’s.
 Discharge valve is spring

loaded to close position and
open by the combination of fuel
pressure and low pressure on
the back side of a diaphragm.
 Primary purpose of the

discharge valve is to maintain
constant fuel pressure after the
main metering jet.

 Discharge valve to provide

positive fuel cut-off when
mixture control placed in
idle cut-off position.
 Discharge nozzle placed

after the venturi and throttle
valve, no icing problem.
Fuel pressure forces fuel
out of the discharge nozzle.
 Air from impact annulus mixed with fuel

in the discharge nozzle act as air bleed to
destroy fuel surface tension aid in
vaporization.
 Coil spring hold the poppet valve open

to let idling fuel in, but its cannot precisely
meter the fuel to the discharge nozzle so
idle needle valve is used to control the
amount of fuel actually flows to the
discharge nozzle.
 The exact amount the idle needle valve

open determine by the needle speed
adjustment attached to the throttle shaft.

Mixture Control
◊ Regulate the ratio of fuel and air supplied to the
engine.
◊ Allow operator to control the fuel/air mixture for

engine to operate efficiency at various altitudes.
 Amount of fuel flows to the discharge nozzle

determine by the press. differential between chamber
A and chamber B.
 Controlling the press. differential between two

chamber either manually or automatically.
Pressure Injection Carburetor conts.
Mixture Control.
a) Manual control.
b) Automatic mixture
control (AMC).


a) Manual Control.
Air bleed determine by the position of

needle valve controlled from cockpit.
Full rich -- valve close, max. press.

differential exist between chamber A
& B.
Mixture control pull out, valve off seat

and press. differential decreased.
Idle-cutoff completely stop fuel flow.
Spring in Chamber A used to hold

poppet valve open.

a) Manual Control cont’s.

To close the poppet valve completely
by removing spring press. from the
inner diaphragm.
Release contact lever extend from

chamber A out to the mixture control.
Mixture control in idle-cutoff, the

release contact lever compresses the
idle spring and remove all press. from
the diaphragm.
No press. on the diaphragm, poppet

valve closes and cut-off fuel flow to
carburetor.

Automatic mixture
control (AMC)
A brass bellow filled with

helium attached to a
reverse tapered needle.
AMC maintains the press.

differential across the
inner regulator diaphragm
by varying the size of the
air bleed between
chamber A and B.

Automatic mixture control
(AMC) cont’s.
When press. is high, bellow contracts

and seat the thick part of the needle
valve, decrease the size of the air
bleed opening allow max. press.
differential between chamber A and B.
As a/c climbs, air density decreases

bellow expands and allow more air to
bleed between the two chambers,
reduce press. differential across the
inner regulator diaphragm, which
closes the poppet valve slightly and
reduce fuel flow to the discharge
nozzle.


Acceleration pump.
 To provide an immediate but brief

increase in fuel flow to the
carburetor .
 A single diaphragm pump.
 Consists of three chambers;
1. Air chamber.
2. Primary fuel chamber.
3. Secondary fuel chamber.

Acceleration system (conts.)
Air chamber and primary fuel

chamber is separated by a
diaphragm.
Primary and secondary fuel

chamber separated by a rigid
divider, combination check/relief
valve and a single fuel bleed.
When engine is started the

manifold press. decreases and
partly compresses the spring in
the accelerator pump air
chamber.

Fuel fills the two fuel
chambers.
When throttle opened rapidly,

manifold press. increases and
force the diaphragm over.
This forces fuel from primary

chamber into secondary
chamber and onto discharge
nozzle.
The valve soon seats after the

initial surge.

The remaining fuel discharge through
the fuel bleed to provide sustained
stream of fuel to the discharge nozzle.
Throttle backup rapidly – manifold

press. decreases cause the pump
spring to collapse rapidly and draw fuel
into the primary fuel chamber.
To prevent rapid diaphragm movement

from starving the discharge nozzle of
fuel as the pump fills, check/relief valve
remains seated and permit fuel to fill
primary fuel chamber through the fuel
bleed only.

POWER ENRICHMENT SYSTEM
Provide extra fuel for operation above cruise setting, for

cooling and prevent detonation.
System either use:-
i) double step idle valve
ii) airflow power enrichment valve.


i) Double step idle valve.
The idle needle valve is

stepped to vary the amount
of fuel flows to the discharge
nozzle.
At low power setting the

first idle step of needle valve
off seats allow only idle fuel
to discharge nozzle.

i) Double step idle valve cont’s.
As engine accelerated above idle to

cruise power venturi suction increases
and needle valve off seat further to the
second cruise step of the needle valve
to regulate the fuel flow.
Above cruise power venturi suction

increases enough to completely off
seat (open) the needle valve so
additional fuel can flow to the
discharge nozzle to enrichen the
mixture.
High power setting, main metering jet

limit the fuel flow.
Power enrichment system

ii) Airflow power enrichment valve.
Located in the fuel

passage parallel with main
metering jet.
Consist of a needle valve

assembly that senses the
pressure drop in the
venturi to determine when
the engine is operating at
high power levels.

ii) Airflow Enrichment Valve

cont’s
Cruise power setting spring

pressure hold the enrichment
valve closed, main metering jet
limits fuel flow to the discharge
nozzle.
Power increases above cruise

the amount of air flowing
through the venturi increases.

ii) Airflow Enrichment Valve

cont’s.
Increases in airflow cause air

pressure within enrichment
valve housing decreases
enough to off seat the
enrichment needle valve.
As the enrichment valve opens,

fuel bypass metering jet,
increases amount of fuel flow to
the discharge nozzle and
enriches the fuel mixture.


Water Injection
Used on large engine to allow engine to produce

max. power without detonation and preignition.
Water injection system (anti-detonation injection

or ADI system) a mixture of water and alcohol
injected into the carburetor to create fuel/air mixture
helps prevent detonation.
Carburetor provide rich mixture during high power

operation.

Water Injection
Extra fuel helps to cool the engine and reduce

the chance of detonation.
Disadvantage;- rich mixture does not allow the

engine to produce max. power output.
If the system used anti-detonation system the

fuel/air mixture can be leaned to allow engine to
produce its maximum power.


Pressure Carburetor
Maintenance
Maintenance generally limited

to inspection, installation,
removal and field adjustment.
Check for security, damage

and possible of leak. If leak
will cause leaner mixture and
could lead to detonation and
engine damage.

Pressure Carburetor
Maintenance
Inspection included security

of all the control linkages.
Idle mixture and idle speed

adjustment to be carried out
after carburetor
maintenance as pre
maintenance manual/
carburetor maintenance
manual.
Carburetor overhaul
Overhaul of a pressure carburetor conducted by

the manufacturer or a certificated repair facility.
All freshly overhauled carburetor filled with

preservative oil, removed before use.
Installation vary from engine to engine, refer to

the appropriated installation instructions.

RECIP. FUEL METERING
FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM

RECIP. FUEL METERING

- Although carburetor provide reliable means of metering the amount

of fuel into an engine, they do have two major limitations;
a) Intake manifold differ in length and shape, mixture not distribute

evenly in carbureted engine.
b) With high compression ratio engine, a lean mixture in any one

cylinder can result in detonation and possible engine damage.
► Disadvantage:-
- susceptibility to carburetor icing.
- To overcome this limitations, fuel injection system have been

incorporated:

Recip. Fuel Metering

1) Direct fuel injection system.
- Fuel is injected directly into the cylinder.
- Offer even fuel distribution and reduced

backfiring.
- Pump forced metered fuel directly into

the individual cylinders as timed with
high pressure spray.

2) Continuous-flow fuel injection system.
- Fuel is injected and mixed with air in each intake port

just behind the intake valve.
- Fuel is continuously injected throughout the entire

combustion cycle, instead of only during the intake
stroke.
- Allow plenty of time for fuel to vaporize and mix with air
before drawn into cylinder when intake valve opens.

Two types of continuous-flow fuel

systems.
a) Precision Airmotive RSA system.
b) Teledyne Continental system.

FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS

a) RSA System (Bendix)
Venturi housing
Air inlet

a) RSA System (Bendix)

a) RSA (REFRIGATION SYSTEM ANALYZER) System
i) Venturi Housing
Cast out of aluminum as a single

unit.
Contain single venturi cast

aluminum pressed into bottom of
the housing.
Throttle valve installed at top of the

venturi housing to control the
airflow.
The holes drilled through the throttle

valve near its edges for adequate
airflow for engine idling.

RSA System (Bendix)

ii) Fuel Metering Unit.
Consists of fuel strainer, mixture

control and idle valve and main
enrichment metering jet.
Mixture and idle valves are

spring-loaded, flat plate-type
valves mechanically actuated to
control the amount of fuel flow
into and out of the metering jet.
Mixture valve is actuated by the

mixture control in the cockpit.
Idle valve is actuated by the

throttle lever.

RSA Fuel Metering.

Schematics & cut away

RSA Fuel Metering

RSA Fuel Metering

RSA System (Bendix)

ii) Fuel metering unit cont’s.
 Unmetered fuel pumped into the

fuel metering unit through fuel
strainer, passes through a port in
the mixture control valve.
 Mixture control a flat plate-type

valve rotated over the passage
way leading to the metering jet.
 When mixture control is

advanced the passageway
leading to the metering jet is
uncovered.
RSA System (Bendix)
RSA System (Bendix)

ii) Fuel Metering Unit cont’s
 Rich position, the opening by the mixture

control is larger than the metering jet.
 Intermediate position, the opening is

smaller than the main jet and the mixture
control limit the flow.
 A second passageway in the mixture

control base allow unmetered / inlet fuel
pressure to flow to the fuel regulator used
as reference pressure for regulating the
amount of fuel flows to the engine.

RSA FUEL METERING

RSA Fuel Metering

RSA System (Bendix)

 Fuel metering unit.
 After passing the mixture valve, fuel flow through

the metering jet.
 The amount of fuel can flow out either main or

enrichment jet is determined by the position of the
idle valve.
 Valve plate used with idle valve proportionately

uncovers both the main and enrichments when
throttle is advanced.
 Low power setting, only small portion of the main

metering jet is uncovered.
 Throttle fully opened, both main and enrichment

jets are uncovered to provide the fuel required for
high power

RSA System (Bendix)
Fuel regulator

RSA System (Bendix)
Fuel regulator
 Supply correct amount of

fuel to the engine.
 Fuel regulator receives

metered fuel from the fuel
metering unit and regulate
it, base on the amount of
air passing through the
venturi.
 Consist of four chambers,

air and fuel diaphragm and
ball valve.

RSA System (Bendix)

Fuel Regulator
 As air enters venturi housing,
some air flows into a series of
impact tube that project out of
the base of the venturi.
 The air is directed into a seal

chamber acts on one side of the
diaphragm.
 Chamber on the opposite side of

the air diaphragm is vented to
the low pressure air in the
venturi.
 The two forces move the air

diaphragm an amount
proportional to the volume of air
drawn through the venturi.
RSA System (Bendix)

Fuel regulator
 The force produce pressure
differential across the air diaphragm,
referred as air metering force is to
open a ball or servo valve allowing
fuel to flow to the flow divider.
 The time the air metering force opens

the ball valve, inlet fuel act on one
side of the fuel diaphragm to move the
ball valve towards close position.
 The metered fuel flows into the

chamber and past the ball valve,
opposes the inlet fuel pressure to
create a fuel metering force that
balances the air metering force.

RSA System (Bendix)

Fuel regulator
 When throttle is advanced,
the impact air pressure
increase, venturi pressure
decrease, increasing
differential pressure across
the air diaphragm which
pulls the ball valve further
off its seat.
 As the ball valve opens,

the metered fuel pressure
drop while inlet fuel
pressure remain constant.
RSA System (Bendix)

Fuel regulator
 The increased difference

between the metered fuel
pressure and the inlet fuel
pressure causes more fuel to
flow through the main metering
jet in the metering unit and
send more fuel pass the ball
valve on to the engine.
 The function of the ball valve is

to create a pressure differential
across the metering jet
proportional to the air flow
drawn to the engine.

RSA System (Bendix)
Idle system
• The airflow through the engine is low

and the air metering force unable to
open the ball valve to maintain
pressure differential
across the metering jet.
• To hold the ball valve off its seat at

idle speed provided by constant head
idle spring.
• When small amount of air flowing

through the venturi, the constant head
spring holds the ball valve off its seat.

RSA System (Bendix)
Idle system
• As intake airflow increase, the

air moves outward to compress
the constant head spring until
the diaphragm bushing contacts
the stop on the end of the ball
valve shaft and takes over the
fuel regulation.
• To get smooth transition

between idle and cruise power
setting, the constant effort
spring pre-loads the air
diaphragm to a neutral position.

RSA System (Bendix)
Automatic Mixture control
• Installed in parallel with the

manual mixture control.
• Utilized a sealed bellows that

moves a reverse tapered
needle to vary the size of an air bleed
between the impact and venturi air
chamber.
• The bellow is filled with helium, will

expand and contract with change in
air density.

RSA System (Bendix)
Automatic Mixture control
• As aircraft climbs / ascends,

air density decreases
bellow expand.
• The expansion pushes the

needle valve off its seat to
open the bleed air port.
• This reduces the pressure

differential across the air
diaphragm, which partially
closes the ball valve.
RSA System (Bendix)

Flow Divider
Metered fuel, flow from the

regulator to the flow divider.
Located on top, center of

engine.
Consist of a diaphragm
operated valve and a spring.
No fuel pressure, combination

of atmosphere and spring
pressure holds the valve in the
closed position.
RSA System (Bendix)
Flow Divider
When fuel pressure builds

enough to overcome
atmospheric and spring pressure
valve opens and allow fuel into
the flow divider.
Fuel flows through 1/8" stainless

steel tubing out to each injector
nozzle.
An outlet also provided for a

pressure gauge in the cockpit,
calibrated in pound per square
inch ( PSI )

RSA System (Bendix)

Flow Divider
Pressure reading at the flow
divider indicate collective
pressure drop across all the
fuel injector nozzle.
The gauge pressure is directly

proportional to the pressure
drop caused by fuel flow
through the nozzles.
At all speed above idle, the

small opening in the nozzle
restrict the amount of fuel that
can flow into each cylinder.

RSA System (Bendix)

Flow Divider
This cause back pressure to

build up in the metered fuel
lines in turn influence the fuel
metering force.
Therefore the nozzles control

fuel pressure when engine
rpm is above idle.
During idle, fuel flow through

the nozzle is insufficient to
create the back pressure
required for fuel metering.

RSA System (Bendix)

Flow Divider
The coil spring on the air
side of the diaphragm holds
the flow divider valve closed
until metered fuel pressure
become sufficient to offset
the valve.
When metered fuel pressure

raised enough to overcome
spring tension, the flow
divider opens and evenly
distributes fuel to the
cylinders during low fuel flow
condition.

RSA System (Bendix)

Flow Divider
■ When mixture control

placed in idle-cutoff
position, the spring
forces the divider valve
down, provides positive
fuel cutoff to the
nozzle.
■ Reduce the chance of

vapor lock by trapping
fuel in the injector lines.

RSA fuel injection nozzles.

RSA System (Bendix)
Injector Nozzle
● Uses air-bleed type nozzle, threaded

into the cylinder head near the intake
ports.
● Brass body constructed with a

metering orifice, air bleed hole and
an emulsion chamber.
● A fine mesh metal screen and

pressed steel shroud surround the
brass body to prevent contamination.

RSA System (Bendix)

■ Injector Nozzle
● To emulsify the fuel, the fuel nozzle
used on some turbocharged
engine include an extension allows
the nozzle to receive upper deck
pressure.
● Each nozzle incorporates a

calibrated metering orifice or jet to
provide a specific
flow rate ±2%.
● The jet size is determined by the

fuel inlet pressure and the
maximum fuel flow required by the
engine.

RSA System (Bendix)

■ Injector Nozzle
● Nozzles of the same type are
interchangeable between
engine and cylinder.
● Identification mark stamped on

the hex. flat on the nozzle
opposite the air bleed-hole,
denote the size of the jet, mark
with single letter.
● As fuel flows into the fuel

nozzle. It passes through the
metering jet into emulsion
chamber mixed with air.
RSA System (Bendix) conts.
■ Injector Nozzle
● Since the end of the nozzle

is exposed to manifold
pressure on normally
aspirated engine, is less
than atmospheric pressure,
air is pulled into the nozzle
through the bleed.
● As fuel mix with air in the

emulsion chamber, the fuel
is atomized.


■ Injector Nozzle
● With turbocharged engine
manifold pressure is higher than
atmospheric, high pressure air
from upper deck is taken for the
used of air bleed.
● When installing the fuel nozzle,

ensure the bleed hole is
pointing upward to prevent fuel
drain out of the nozzle or onto
the engine, when engine is shut
down.


■ Injector Nozzle
● If air bleed become block/plugged the

outside of the metering jet will exposed to
manifold pressure instead of atmospheric
pressure. This increase the differential
pressure across the nozzle metering jet
cause more fuel to flow through the nozzle.
● The regulator unit delivers a set amount of

fuel to the flow divider at a given power
setting. With clogged air bleed will take more
fuel from the other nozzle, providing rich
mixture while the rest with lean mixture.
● A clogged air bleed cause a low fuel flow

indication ( fuel pressure gauge connected
to the flow divider).

RSA System (Bendix)

RSA System Inspection and
Maintenance
Inspection included checking all

RSA fuel components for
security.
Mounting flange for cracks.
Any leak from the housing.
Security on all control linkages

and free movement.
Any abnormalities such as leak,

bend, kink, distortion, twisted
and loose.

RSA System (Bendix)

RSA System Inspection and
Maintenance cont’s
Check flow divider vent hole free

from obstruction.
Fuel nozzles should be clean

periodically by;
– Remove dirt or contaminants.

– Clean.
– Soak with approved cleaner.
– Blow out with compress air
Once clean it’s good to do flow

check.

Insp. & maintenance

Field Adjustment
Two types of adjustment;

– Idle mixture.
– Idle speed.
Idle mixture – adjusted on

mechanical linkage by varying
the length of the linkage.
Idle speed – adjusted by turning

the adjustment screw.
All adjustment and running the

engine to check for proper
operation IAW manufacture
starting checklist.


Teledyne-continental Fuel Injection

Uses engine RPM to determine the amount of

fuel to be send to the injector nozzle.
System has four basic components ;
1. Engine-driven injector pump.

2. Fuel-air control unit.
3. Fuel manifold valve.
4. Injector nozzles.

Fuel injection system.

Injector Pump
The heart of the TCM system.
Vane-type constant-displacement pump (engine driven by a splined

shaft).

Fuel injection system.

The pump's drive shaft has a shear section and a loose coupling to
protect the engine in case pump failure and compensate for
misalignment between the pump and the engine drive.
Produce output pressure that varies with the engine speed.

Teledyne-continental Fuel Injection system
Injector Pump
Additional components :-
1. Vapor separator
chamber.
2. Adjustable orifice.
3. Relief valve.
4. Vapor ejector.
5. Bypass valve.
Injector Pump
• The size of the orifice will

determine the pressure, size
increase the output pressure will
decrease and vice-versa.
• System works well for flows at

cruise and high power range.
• At idling or below cruise, fuel flow

is low so that the orifice does not
produce enough restriction to
maintain constant output
pressure ( the orifice has no
effect )


Injector Pump
• Adjustable pressure relief

valve, installed downstream
from the orifice determined
the constant output
pressure.
• At high power setting the

relief valve off its seat and
the orifice takes over to
maintain constant pressure
output.

Injector Pump
• The fuel enters the pump

through the vapor chamber
where the vapor is swirled
out to collect in the top.
• Some fuel from the pump

outlet return to fuel tank
through the vapor venturi or
jet pump (vapor ejector ).
• The venturi produces a low

pressure attracts the vapors
to return to the tank.

Injector Pump
• Bypass valve allow fuel from auxiliary

pump (boost pump) for engine
starting and operation should the
injector pump malfunction.
• As engine pump pressure becomes

higher or exceeds the boost pump
pressure, the bypass check valve
closed and engine pump takes over.
• With turbocharged engine, as throttle

is opened or advanced rapidly the
injector pump accelerates and
supplies additional fuel before the
turbocharger could really response
or speed up.

Injector Pump
• The imbalance causes mixture to

temporarily become too rich or
momentary over enrichment.
• An altitude compensating bellows

[Evacuated bellows (aneroid)]
control the size of the metering
orifice.
• The aneroid is exposed to the

upper deck pressure
(turbocharger discharge
pressure).


Injector Pump
• As throttle is open rapidly the upper

deck pressure fluctuates or low, and the
bellows expanded, increased the orifice
size. In respond to the sudden opening,
holds the orifice open, so that pump
output does not increase until the
volume of air flowing into the engine
increases.
• As the turbocharger speed builds up,

upper deck pressure increases causes
the bellows to contract and the orifice
become smaller or more restrictive to
increase the fuel flow and pressure
output to the engine.

Fuel / Air Control Unit
Consists of the throttle valve

( air throttle assembly ) that does
not use venturi, controls the
amount of air entering the
engine.
An adjustable linkage connects

the air throttle valve with the
throttle fuel valve ( fuel control
assembly ).
The fuel control assembly made

of bronze, houses the mixture
valve and the fuel metering
valve.



Mixture and fuel metering valves

are of rotary-type valves made of
stainless steel, rotated in oil-
impregnated bushings.
The end of each valve rotates

against a fixed metering plug in the
center of the fuel control unit.
Metering plug made of bronze,

contains a fuel metering jet which
meters the fuel flow to the engine.
Metering plug has one passage

that connects the fuel inlet with the
fuel return outlet.


Another one passage connects the mixture control valve chamber
with fuel metering valve chamber.
The mixture valve acts as a variable selector valve which directs

fuel to either metering jet or back to the fuel pump.
Fuel flow past the mixture valve flow through the metering jet.



The amount of fuel flow out of the main metering jet determined by the
position of the fuel metering valve.
The valve plate used with the fuel metering valve proportionately
opened the outlet of the main jet as the throttle is advanced.
Example : At low power setting, only small portion of the main metering
jet is opened.

As the throttle is advanced more of the main metering jet is

uncovered or opened to provide additional fuel.
The fuel metering valve operated with control arm connected to the
cockpit throttle lever, meaning the throttle lever controls both the
throttle air valve and the fuel metering valve.
The same type of device used in flow divider of RSA system.


Fuel Manifold Valve
Purpose of the manifold

valve ( distribution valve ) is
to evenly distribute fuel to all
cylinders.
Positive fuel shutoff to the

nozzles when the mixture
control in the idle-cutoff
position.
Located in the top of the

engine.


Fuel Manifold Valve
Consist of fuel inlet,
diaphragm chamber, a
poppet valve and outlet ports.
When the fuel pressure

supplied by the metering
valve is sufficient, the
diaphragm in the manifold
valve is forced up to lift the
cutoff valve its seat.
A spring-loaded poppet valve

within the cutoff valve stays
on its seat, blocking fuel flow.

Fuel Manifold Valve
As the fuel pressure builds enough
to completely off seat the cutoff
valve, the poppet valve is forced
open allowing fuel to flow to the
nozzles.
The opposition by the poppet valve

ensures a constant fuel pressure
between the main metering jet and
manifold valve for consistent
metering at idle.
Above idle fuel pressure holds the

cutoff and poppet valves fully open
and fuel pressure is maintained due
to the restriction in each injector
nozzle.

Fuel manifold valve
When the mixture control is placed

in the idle-cutoff position, fuel
pressure to the manifold valve drops
and spring tension closes the cutoff
valve to positively shutoff the fuel
and traps fuel in the supply lines
leading to the injector nozzles.
The chamber above the diaphragm

is vented to ambient air pressure to
allow unrestricted or free valve
movement.
Fuel manifold valves are positioned

with the vent opening to the side or
the-rear to prevent ram air from
entering the air chamber , cause air
fluctuation above the diaphragm.

Injection Nozzles.
Air bleed type nozzles threaded

into the cylinder heads near the
intake ports.
Nozzle of brass body constructed

with metering orifice, multiple bleed
holes and an emulsion chamber.
A fine mesh screen and pressed

steel shroud surround the brass
body to prevent contaminants from
entering the bleed holes.


Injection Nozzles.
Each nozzle is built-in a calibrated
metering orifice or jet to provide a
specific flow rate.
Three different sizes of metering

jet.
The jet size determined by the fuel

inlet pressure and the maximum
fuel flow required by the engine.


Injection Nozzles.
Size identified by mark stamped on the
hex. flat of the nozzle with a single letter.
Example :-
A - size will provide a specific

amount of fuel.
B - size provide one-half gallon more

fuel per/hour than A-size with
same pressure.
C - size provide the largest metering jet

and a full gallon per hour more than
A - size with same pressure.

Injection Nozzles Conts.

• The engine is calibrated during its manufacturer run-up and proper size nozzle
is installed.
• Injector nozzle should never be simply changed without first established the
proper size for the particular engine type.
• As the fuel flows through the metering jet, it enters an emulsion chamber to mix
with air.
• The end of the injector nozzle is exposed to manifold pressure, which is less
than atmospheric pressure ( on normally aspirated engine ). So air is pulled into
the nozzle through the bleed air.
• The air and fuel mix in the emulsion chamber and fuel is atomized.

Injection Nozzles Conts.
• On a turbocharged engine the manifold pressure often exceeds the

atmospheric pressure. High pressure air source must be used for
the air bleed.
• The high air pressure is taken from the turbocharger side of the
throttle valve or upper deck.
• Injector nozzles come in different styles to suit engine models, such

as long nozzle to inject fuel further into the intake chamber.
• Some with short nozzles design for its engine best performance.
• By the way the difference in appearance do not changed the system

methods.


INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
100 hrs cx. all fuel components for security and integrity.
Important note, all fuel lines manufactured to the same length,

cannot be altered.
Throttle linkage cx. for free movement, wear and lubricate as

required.
Nozzle maintenance by soaking in acetone or lacquer thinner and

clearing out by clean dry air.
Do not use wire, drills or other tools to clear out orifice obstructions.


FIELD ADJUSTMENTS
Two types of field adjustment:-
Idle mixture.
i) Idle cut-off, observe tachometer – rpm

increases slightly before drops off
rapidly.
ii) Gauge – manifold pressure decreasing

just before engine cease fire.
iii) Increase fuel flow, connecting linkage

nut counter clockwise.
iv) Decrease fuel flow – clockwise.

FIELD ADJUSTMENTS
■ Idle speed.
- After adjusting idle mixture

reset the idle speed.
i) Increase – clockwise.
ii) Decrease – counter

clockwise.

FIELD ADJUSTMENTS

FIELD ADJUSTMENTS

TROUBLESHOOTING
Use Teledyne Continental troubleshooting

charts to diagnose engine problem.
In add. a/c maintenance manuals

troubleshooting flowcharts to help you determine
the cause of engine running rough.
Overhaul
Normally overhaul with an engine overhaul.
Or certified repair station.


RFM Conts. Pt2 Press. Inject. Carb.

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FOR TRAINING PURPOSE ONLY

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Recip. Eng. Fuel Metering

Revision No : Subject Code:

PRESSURE INJECTION CARBURETORS

 Not used on modern a/c.

 Carburetor different from float-type.

 Fuel deliver under pressure by fuel

 No need to place discharge nozzle

Revision No : Subject Code:

PRESSURE INJECTION CARBURETOR (Bendix PS7BD)

Revision No : Subject Code:

a) fuel regulator or fuel control unit,

Revision No : Subject Code:

Pressure Injection Carburetor Conts.

a) Fuel regulator (FCU)

- Consist of five chambers, inner and

- Filtered air enter the carburetor.

- Potion of the air flows into impact

- Impact air enters the annulus, velocity

Revision No : Subject Code:

Pressure Injection Carburetor Conts.

- Impact air than directed into

- Low press. within the venturi is

- The difference pressure between

Revision No : Subject Code:

a) Fuel regulator (FCU) cont’s

- The amount of movement is

- Force produced by pressure

- As air metering force increases, it

Revision No : Subject Code:

Pressure Injection Carburetor Conts

- The fuel metering force

Revision No : Subject Code:

a) Fuel regulator (FCU) cont’s

- At idle speed, coil spring

Revision No : Subject Code:

a) Fuel regulator (FCU) cont’s

> Metered fuel (chamber C) is

Revision No : Subject Code:

Pressure Injection Carburetor Conts.

> Above idle speed fuel metering

> After passes through the idle needle

Revision No : Subject Code:

Pressure Injection Carburetor Conts.

 Discharge valve is spring

 Primary purpose of the

Revision No : Subject Code:

Pressure Injection Carburetor Conts.

b) Main metering jet cont’s.

 Discharge valve to provide

 Discharge nozzle placed

Pressure Injection Carburetor Conts.

b) Main metering jet cont’s.

 Air from impact annulus mixed with fuel

 Coil spring hold the poppet valve open

 The exact amount the idle needle valve

Revision No : Subject Code:

◊ Allow operator to control the fuel/air mixture for

 Amount of fuel flows to the discharge nozzle

 Controlling the press. differential between two

Pressure Injection Carburetor conts.

Revision No : Subject Code: