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COPD Management: Treatment, Pharmacological + Follow Up Rashk Kaushal 6 Course, grp:37
COPD Management: Treatment, Pharmacological + Follow Up Rashk Kaushal 6 Course, grp:37
COPD Management: Treatment, Pharmacological + Follow Up Rashk Kaushal 6 Course, grp:37
Treatment ,pharmacological +
follow up
Rashk kaushal
6th course,grp:37
Goals
• Prevent disease progression
• Relieve symptoms
• Improve exercise tolerance
• Improve health status
• Prevent and treat complications
• Prevent and treat exacerbations
• Reduce mortality
• Prevent or minimize side effects from
treatment
• Cessation of cigarette smoking
Components
• Tobacco smoke
• Occupational dusts and
chemicals
• Indoor and outdoor air
pollutants
Smoking Cessation
• The single MOST effective and cost-effective intervention
to reduce the risk of developing COPD and to stop its
progression
• Offer this at EVERY visit to the health care provider
• Brief 3 minute period of counseling
• Three types of counseling are esp. effective:
• Practical counseling
• Social support as part of the treatment
• Social support arranged outside of the treatment
• Several effective medications are available and at least
one of these medications should be added to counseling if
necessary and if there are no contraindications
• Nicotine gum, inhaler, nasal spray, trasndermal patch,
sublingual tablet, lozenges
• Bupropion
• nortriptyline
Ask Systematically identify all tobacco users at
every visit
Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence. Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians.
Occupational Exposures
• Primary prevention
• Eliminate or reduce exposures to
various substances in the
workplace
• Secondary prevention
• Surveillance and early detection
Indoor and Outdoor Air
Pollution
• Implement measures to reduce or avoid
indoor air pollution from biomass fuel
burned for cooking and heating in poorly
ventilated dwellings
• Advise patients to monitor public
announcements of air quality
• Avoid vigorous exercise outdoors or stay
indoors during pollution episodes,
depending on COPD severity
Manage Stable
COPD
General Principles
• Determine disease • Prescribe
severity Treatment
• Implement step- • Pharmacologic
wise treatment plan
• Non-
• Educate the patient
pharmacologic
• Improve skills
• Rehabilitation
• Improve ability to
cope with illness − Exercise
• Improve health training
status − Nutrition
counseling
− education
− Oxygen therapy
• Surgical
GOLD Pocket Guide to COPD Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention interventions
Stage Characteristics
0: Normal spirometry
At Risk Chronic symptoms (cough, sputum)
• Beclomethasone (Vanceril™)
• Budesonide (Pulmicort™)
• Fluticasone (Flovent™)
• Triamcinolone (Azmacort™)
Immunizations
• Vaccines
• Influenza yearly
• Reduces serious illness and death in
COPD patients by approximately 50%
• Give once yearly: autumn OR twice
yearly: autumn and winter
• Pneumovax
• Sufficient data to support its general
use in COPD is lacking, but it is
commonly used
Other Medications?
• Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Augmentation Therapy
• Only if this deficiency is present in an individual
should they undergo treatment
• Antibiotics
• Prophylactic use is NOT recommended
• Can be used in the treatment of infectious
exacerbations of COPD
• Mucolytic agents
• Overall benefits are small, so currently not
recommended for widespread use
• Types:
• Ambroxol
• Erdosteine (Erdostin, Mucotec)
• Carbocysteine (Mucodyne)
• Iodinated gylerol (Expigen)
• Antioxidant agents
• N-acetylcysteine (Bronkyl, Fluimucil, Mucomyst)
• Have been shown to reduce the frequency of
exacerbations and could have a role in the
treatment of patients with recurrent
exacerbations
• More studies are needed
• Immunoregulators
• Not recommended at this time
• No reproducible studies are available
• Antitussives
• Regular use is contraindicated in stable COPD
since cough has a significant protective role
• Vasodilators
• Inhaled nitric oxide
• Can worsen gas exchange because of altered hypoxic
regulation of ventilation-perfusion balance and is
contraindicated in stable COPD
• Respiratory stimulants
• Doxapram (IV)
• Almitrine bismesylate
• Not recommended in stable COPD
• Narcotics
• Oral and parenteral opioids are effective for
treating dyspnea in patients with advanced
COPD
• Use this with caution; benefits may be limited to a few
sensitive subjects
• nebulized opioids: insufficient evidence .
• Miscellaenous:
• Nedocromil
• Leukotriene modifiers
• Alternative healing methods
• None have been adequately studied in COPD patients at
this time
GOLD Pocket Guide to COPD Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention
Stage 0: At Risk
• Avoid risk
I: FEV1/FVC < 70%
Mild
factors FEV1 >= 80%
• Offer predicted
vaccination Usu. Chronic
• Use short-acting cough and
bronchodilators sputum
as needed production
Stage II: Moderate
COPD II: 50% <= FEV 1 <
• Avoid risk factors Modera 80% predicted
• Offer influenza te Progression of
vaccine symptoms;
• Add short-acting dyspnea on
bronchodilators exertion
when needed
• Add regular
treatment with 1
or more long-
acting
bronchodilators
• Add rehabilitation
Stage III: Severe COPD
• Avoid risk factors III: 30%<= FEV1
• Offer influenza vaccine Sever
• Add short-acting <50% predicted
bronchodilators when e ↑ dyspnea;
needed
• Add regular treatment repeated
with 1 or more long- exacerbations
acting bronchodilators which have an
• Add rehabilitation
• Add inhaled
impact on
glucocorticoids if patients’ quality
repeated exacerbations of life
Stage IV: Very Severe COPD
• Avoid risk factors IV FEV1< 30%
• Offer influenza predicted OR
vaccination Very
FEV1<50%
• Add short-acting severe
bronchodilators as predicted +
needed chronic
• Add rehabilitation respiratory
• Add inhaled failure
glucocorticoids if •Quality of life is
repeated exacerbations appreciably
• Add long-term oxygen if impaired
chronic respiratory •Exacerbations
failure may be life-
• Consider surgical threatening
treatments
Non-
Pharmacologic
Therapy
Rehabilitation
• COPD patients at all stages of severity benefit from exercise
training programs
• Improves both exercise tolerance and symptoms of dyspnea and
fatigue
• Goals
• Reduce symptoms
• Improve quality of life
• Increase physical and emotional participation in everyday activities
• Comprehensive program should include several types of
health professionals:
• Exercise training
• Nutrition counseling
• Education
• Minimum effective length of time = 2 months
• Setting: inpatient OR outpatient OR home
• Baseline and outcome assessments of each participant
should be made to quantify individual gains and target areas
for improvement
• Measurement of spirometry before and after a bronchodilator drug
• Assessment of exercise capacity
• Assessment of inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength and lower limb
strength
Oxygen Therapy
• Stage IV - Severe COPD who have
• PaO2 at or below 55 mm Hg or SaO2 at or below
88% with or without hypercapnia OR
• PaO2 between 55-60 mm Hg or SaO2 88% IF
pulmonary hypertension, peripheral edema
suggesting congestive heart failure, or
polycythemia (Hct > 55%)
• Based on awake PaO2 values
• GOAL
• Increase baseline PaO2 to at least 60 mm Hg at
sea level and rest and/or produce SaO2 at least
90%
• Need to use at least 15 hours per day in patients with
chronic respiratory failure to improve survival
• Can have a beneficial impact on hemodynamics,
hematologic characteristics, exercise capacity, lung
mechanics and mental state
Surgical Treatment
• Bullectomy
• Effective in reducing dyspnea and improving lung
function in appropriately selected patient
• Lung volume reduction surgery
• Parts of the lung are resected to reduce
hyperinflation
• Does not improve life expectancy
• Does improve exercise capacity in patients with
predominantly upper lobe emphysema and a low
post-rehabilitation exercise capacity
• May improve global health status in patients
with heterogeneous emphysema
• High hospital costs; still experimental/palliative
Surgical Treatment
• Lung transplantation
• Improves quality of life and
functional capacity in
appropriately selected
patient
• Criteria for referral:
• FEV1 < 35% predicted
• PaO2 < 55-60 mm Hg
• PaCO2 > 50 mm Hg
• Secondary pulmonary
hypertension
• All four criteria must be present
COPD Patients and
Surgery
• Increased risk of post-operative
pulmonary complications
• Risk of complications increases as
the incision approaches the
diaphragm
• Epidural and spinal anesthesia have a
lower risk than general anesthesia
• Postpone surgery if the patient has a
COPD exacerbation
Manage Exacerbations
General Points
• Most common causes of exacerbations are:
• Infection of the tracheobronchial tree
• Air pollution
• In 1/3 of severe exacerbations a cause cannot be identified
• Inhaled bronchodilators, theophylline, and systemic
(preferably oral) glucocorticosteroids are effective
treatments
• Patients with clinical signs of airway infection may benefit
from antibiotic treatment
• Increased volume of sputum
• Change in color of sputum
• Fever
• Non-invasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation
(NIPPV) in exacerbations is helpful:
• Improves blood gases and pH
• Reduces in-hospital mortality
• Decreases the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and
intubation
• Decreases the length of hospital stay
Diagnosis and
Assessment of Severity
• History
• Increased breathlessness
• Chest tightness
• Increased cough and sputum
• Change of color and/or tenacity of
sputum
• Fever
• Non-specific:
• Malaise, insomnia, sleepiness,
fatigue, depression, or
confusion
Assessment of Severity
• Lung Function Tests • ECG
• Right ventricular
• PEF < 100 L/min. or FEV1
hypertrophy
< 1 L = severe
exacerbation • Arrhythmias
• Ischemia
• Arterial Blood Gas
• Sputum
• PaO2 < 60 mmHg and/or
SaO2 < 90% with or • Culture/sensitivity
without PaCO2 < 50 • Comprehensive
mmHg when breathing Metabolic Profile
room air = respiratory
• Assess for electrolyte
failure
disturbances, diabetes
• Chest x-ray • Albumin to assess
• Look for complications nutrition
• Pneumonia
• Alternative diagnoses
PLACE OF RX
• Home?
• Hospital admission?
• Floor?
• ICU?
• Selection criteria
• Moderate to severe dyspnea with
use of accessory muscles and
paradoxical abdominal motion
• Moderate to severe acidosis (pH <
7.35) and hypercapnia (PaCO2 > 45
mmHg)
• Respiratory frequency > 25
breaths/minute
NIPPV
• Exclusion criteria
• Respiratory arrest
• Cardiovascular instability
• Hypotension
• Arrhythmias
• Myocardial infarction
• Somnolence, impaired mental status, lack
of cooperation
• High aspiration risk – viscous/copius
secretions
• Recent facial or gastroesophageal surgery
• Cranio-facial trauma, fixed nasopharyngeal
abnormalities
• Extreme obesity
Indications for Invasive
Mechanical Ventilation
• Severe dyspnea with use of accessory muscles and
paradoxical abdominal motion
• Respiratory rate > 35 breaths/minute
• Life-threatening hypoxemia: PaO2 < 40 mm Hg
• Severe acidosis (pH < 7.25) and hypercapnia
(PaCO2 > 60 mm Hg)
• Respiratory arrest
• Somnolence, impaired mental status
• Cardiovascular complications
• Hypotension/shock/heart failure
• Other complications
• Metabolic abnormalities/sepsis/pneumonia/pulmonary
embolism/barotrauma/massive pleural effusion
• NIPPV failure
Use of Invasive Ventilation
in End-Stage COPD
• Hazards:
• Ventilator-acquired pneumonia
• Increased prevalence of multi-resistant organisms
• Barotrauma
• Failure to wean to spontaneous ventilation
• Mortality among COPD patients with
respiratory failure is no greater than
mortality among patients ventilated for non-
COPD reasons
Discharge Criteria
• Inhaled Beta2-agonist use is at most every 4 hours
• Patient is able to walk across the room
• Patient is able to eat and sleep without frequent
awakening
• Patient has been clinically stable for 12-24 hours
• ABGs are stable for 12-24 hours
• Patient/home caregiver fully understands correct
use of medications
• Follow-up and home care arrangements have been
completed
• Patient, family, and physician are confident that
patient can manage successfully
Follow-Up Assessment
after Hospital Discharge
• 4-6 weeks after discharge
• Assess:
• Ability to cope in usual environment
• Inhaler technique
• Understanding of recommended treatment
regimen
• Measure FEV1
• Determine need for long-term oxygen
therapy and/or home nebulizer (for
patients with very severe COPD, Stage
IV)
THANK YOU
REFERENCES
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Data
Fact Sheet for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
• GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive
Lung Disease) Executive Summary, April 2001
• GOLD Pocket Guide to COPD Diagnosis,
Management, and Prevention. A Guide for Health
Care Professionals. Updated July 2005.
www.goldcopd.org – Accessed August 21, 2006.
• Fiore MC, Bailey WC, Cohen SJ, et. al. Treating
Tobacco Use and Dependence. Quick Reference
Guide for Clinicians. Rockville, MD: U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. Public
Health Service. October 2000.