Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology – VNU HCMC

Faculty of Chemical Engineering

MATERIALS
FOR FABRICATION OF CHEMICAL VESSELS

Instructor: Assoc. Prof. Nguyen Huu Hieu, Ph.D

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 1 Introduction to
materials

CONTENTS
Important materials and
2 the effect on equipment
configuration

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Requirements

Classification
01
INTRODUCTION
TO MATERIALS

Criteria
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INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS
Basic requirements of materials
Have properties that be
suitable for application in
industry

Material Energy Equipme

Additiv Have economic efficiency
s nt
es

Not cause the pollution

Raw materials for environment

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 INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS
Classification of materials

Metals Polymers Ceramics Composites

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 Working conditions of equipment
INTRODUCTION
TO MATERIALS Physical and mechanical properties

Basic criteria Corrosion resistance

Processing and installing methods

Product expense

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02 IMPORTANT MATERIALS
AND THE EFFECT ON
EQUIPMENT CONFIGURATION

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 METALS AND ALLOYS

Ferrous alloys

Steel Cast iron

(<2wt% C) (>2wt% C)

Low alloy (<10wt% High alloy (>10wt% Graphite iron White iron
alloying elements) alloying elements) (1-3wt% Si) (<1wt% Si)

Low carbon (<0.25wt% C) Stainless (>11wt% Cr)

Medium carbon (0.25-0.6wt% C) Plain

High carbon (0.6-1.4wt% C) Tool

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 Durable, tough, withstanding high loads,
capable of welding
STE High the melting temperature, high thermal
EL
Introduction
and conductivity coefficient

Consist of 2 types:
Classification
Carbon steel (low alloy)
Application Stainless steel (high alloy)

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 Stainless steel

STE Ferritic (bcc) Austenitic (fcc)

EL
Introduction

Classification

Application

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 Additives

STE 28

Ni
EL
Introduction Increase strength,
NICKEL
58.693

Enlarge the range of

hardness, corrosion corrosion resistance
Classification resistance
Develop the strength
Increase endurance
Application at high temperature
and plasticity at high
temperature

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 Additives

STE Mn 25 14

Si
42

Mo
EL
MANGANESE SILICON MOLYBDENUM
54,938 28.085 95.96

Introduction Develop the Develop the

strength and strength and Enhance corrosion
durability at high resistance
Classification toughness at
low temperature temperature
Improve the
Application Increase hardness Improve the
heat resistance heat resistance

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 Carbon steel

STE 0 0.02 0.25 0.6 2.0

EL
Introduction

Classification Low carbon Medium carbon High carbon

steel steel steel
Application
Low strength Medium strength High strength
& & &
good plasticity plasticity poor plasticity
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 Stainless steel
% C % Mn %P % S % Si % Cl % Ni % Mo
STE SUS
304
≤0.08 2 0.045 0.03 1 17-19 8-10 -

EL
Introduction
SUS
316
≤0.08 2 0.045 0.03 1 16-18 10-14 2-3

Classification

Application

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 CARBON STEEL STAINLESS STEEL
STE Inexpensive

EL
Protection against corrosion
Good tensile strength and and oxidation
Introduction ductility Increases range of
Easily worked and welded mechanical properties
Classification
Inter-granular corrosion
Application Low corrosion resistance or weld decay possible in
reducing environment

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 Carbon steel
Vietnamese standards:
STE 12Cr2Ni4A
EL
Introduction Carbon
content
Additives Additives ‘s content

Classification Russian standards: similar to TCVN

Application

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 Carbon steel

STE American standards (AISI/SAE):

EL
Introduction

Classification

Application

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 Stainless steel

STE American standards (AISI/SAE):

EL
Introduction 2xx 3xx Austenitic

Classification
4xx Ferritic
5xx Martensitic
Application

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 95% Fe + (2.5 – 4%) C + (1 – 2.5%) other elements
CAS Low melting temperature

T High corrosion resistance and machinability,

high molding
IRO
Introduction Low plasticity, low brittleness, low tensible
strength and high compression strength
N
Classification Can produce complex parts quickly and easily
through casting
Application
Consist of 2 types: White iron
Graphite iron 20/37
 Cast iron

CAS White cast iron Graphite cast iron

T Hard and brittle

Grey Spherical Ductile

IRO
Introduction
cast iron cast iron cast iron

N
Classification

Application Low mechanical Better plasticity High plasticity

properties and toughness and toughness
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 White cast iron

CAS
T
Cement mixer Fences
IRO
Impeller
Introduction Grey cast iron

N
Classification

Application

Gear Cylinder block Pressure valve 22/37

 Spherical cast iron

CAS
T
IRO
Bollard Connecting Holder
Introduction Ductile cast iron

N
Classification

Application
Differential housing
Crankshaft Rolling shaft 23/37
NON – FERROUS METALS

More corrosion-resistant

Non-magnetic

Malleable

Lightweight

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Moderate strength in the
pure state
Malleable and ductile
Excellent electrical and
thermal conductor
Good corrosion resistance

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82 22

Pb LEAD
Ti
TITANIUM
207.2 Other 47.867

28
Non-ferrous 73

Ni
NICKEL
Metal
Ta
TANTALUM
58.693 180.95

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 POLYMERS

Wood Plastic Rubber

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WOOD
Not heavy, medium tensive strength, high PLASTIC RUBBER
machinability
Low thermal conductivity coefficient, high
hygroscopic, low operation temperature

Easy to corrosion, easy to burning

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 PLASTIC
WOOD Endure harsh chemical environment as RUBBER
well as high temperature

Low conductivity coefficient, low

mechanical strength, difficult disposal

Light, strong, low friction, easy formed

in various shape

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 RUBBER
WOOD PLASTIC High tensive strength, durable,
insulating and moldable

Low melting point, low conductivity

coefficient

High chemical resistant and waterproof

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 Inorganic, non-metallic, solid material
CERAMICS
Ionic or covalent bonds

Crystalline oxide, nitride or carbide material

2 types of ceramics :

Crystalline Non-crystalline

Atoms have long Atoms have short range

range periodic order order only (amorphous)

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 CERAMICS
High
melting point 1
2 Great hardness
and strength
Considerable
durability 3 Low electrical
4 and thermal
conductivity
Chemical
inertness 5
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CERAMICS

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C
2 or more materials are
O combined on a macroscopic
M scale to form a useful third Light
material.
P
Strong
O
S Continuous phase Flexible
I (matrix phase)
Dispersed phase
T (reinforcing phase) Corrosion resistance
E
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 Dispered phase
C Continuous phase
(reinforcing phase) O (matrix phase)
M
Fibrous composite materials
P Polymer matrix composites
(PMC)
Laminated composite materials
O
S Metal matrix composites
(MMC)
I
Particulate composite materials
T Ceramic matrix composites
(CMC)
Combinations of some or all of E
the first 3 types
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C
O
M
P
O
S
I
T
E
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THANK
YOU

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