STUDY OF PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS OF A SUBSTATION

A Mini project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BY :

SHAIK GALIB AHMED - 17261A02A7

AKKAPELLY SAITEJA - 18265A0216
PAMBALA ABHILASH - 18265A0221
Contents:
•Lightning arrester
•Instrument transformer
current transformer
Potential transformer
•Isolator
•Relay
•Circuit breaker
•Fuses
•Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations
transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions.
Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at
different voltage levels. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high
transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different
transmission voltages

Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the power system, the
method used to insulate most connections, and by the style and materials of the structures used. These
categories are not disjointed; for example, to solve a particular problem, a transmission substation may
include significant distribution functions
 LIGHTNING ARRESTER:
• Lightning Arrestor is the first member of the electrical substations.
• It protects the substation equipment from transient high voltage and also limits the duration and
amplitude of flow of current.
• The lightning arrester diverts, the current of the surges to the earth and hence protects the insulation
and conductor of the system from damage.
•They are classified as:
 Horn gap lightning arrester
 Rod gap lightning arrester
 sphere gap lightning arrester

Fig : Site view of Lightning arrester

 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:

•Instrument transformer is used to reduced high voltages and currents to a safe and practical value for
can be measured by conventional instruments (normally range is 1A or 5A for current and 110 V for
voltage).
•They are classified as following:
Current Transformer :
• A current transformer is a device for the transformation of current from a higher value to a lower value. It is used
in parallel with AC instruments, meters or control apparatus so that the meter or instrument coil cannot
conveniently be made of sufficient current carrying capacity.
Potential Transformer:
•Potential transformer is a voltage step-down transformer which reduces the voltage of a high voltage circuit to a
lower level for the purpose of measurement
•The basic principle of operation and construction of this transformer is similar to the standard power transformer

Fig : Site view of CT and PT

Isolator:
•It is a type of switches which is employed only for isolating the circuit when the current has only been interrupted.
• The isolator is called disconnected switches operates under no load condition.
•They do not have any specified current breaking capacity or current making capacity. In some cases, it is used for
breaking the charging current of the transmission line.
•They are classified as :
Single break type isolator
Double break type isolator
Pantograph type isolator

Fig : Site view of isolator

Relay:
•The relay is a sensing device which senses the fault, then determines its location and finally, it sends tripping
commands to the circuit.
•The circuit breaker after getting the command from the relay disconnects the faulted element.
• Relays protect the equipment from damage and hence subsequent hazards like fire, the risk to the life are reduced
by removing the particularly faulted section.
•They are classified as:
 Electromagnetic relay
 Static relay
 buchholz relay
 Impedance relay…etc

Fig : Site view of Buchholz relay

Circuit Breaker:
•The circuit breaker is a type of electrical switches which is used for opening or closing of electrical circuit
whenever faults occur in the system.
• It consists of two moving contacts which are normally closed.
• Whenever the fault occurs in the system, the relay sends the tripping command to the circuit breaker and
hence their contacts are moved apart. Thus, the fault occurs in the system becomes clear
•They are classified as:
 SF6 Circuit breaker
 Oil Circuit breaker
 Air Circuit breaker
 Vaccum Circuit breaker

Fig : Site view of SF6 CB

 Fuse:
•Power Fuses in High Voltage.
• Power fuses are a generally accepted means of protecting power transformers in distribution substations.
• The primary purpose of a power fuse is to provide interruption of permanent faults. Fusing is an economical
alternative to circuit switcher or circuit breaker protection
•They are classified as:
 AC fuse
 DC fuse
 Rewirable fuse
 Cartridge fuse

Fig : Site view of power fuse

Conclusion:
•Fuse are protective components that keep electrical appliances from
overload or high voltage current.

•Circuit breaker is the most essential part of the electrical networks as

it protects every device from damage. It helps us to detect the fault
and area affected by it.
•Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and
mechanically. The main operation of a relay comes in places where
only a low-power signal can be used to control a circuit.
•Surge arresters are devices that help prevent damage to apparatus
due to high voltages. The arrester provides a low-impedance path to
ground for the current from a lightning strike or transient voltage and
then restores to a normal operating conditions.
•So we need protective equipment to improve stability of the system
 YO U
A N K
TH
ANY QUESTIONS