Adama Science and Technology University

School of Electrical Engineering and Computing

Department of Electronics and Communication

Course Name: Biomedical Instrumentation

Course code ECE 5321
Tewodros Endale
2021
 Outline

Chapter Six
Medical Imaging System

6.1 Radiography
6.2 Computed Tomography
6.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
6.4 Ultrasonography
6.5 Contrast Agents

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 2

 Reference

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 3

 Imaging
• Image: two dimensional
function, f (x, y), where x and y are   𝑓 (0,0) ⋯ 𝑓 (0 , 𝑁 − 1)
spatial (plane) coordinates, and the
amplitude of f at any pair of
𝑓 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 )=
[ ⋮ ⋱
𝑓 ( 𝑀 − 1,0) ⋯
⋮
𝑓 ( 𝑀 −1 , 𝑁 − 1) ]
coordinates (x, y) is called the
intensity or gray level of the image
at that point.

© R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods, Digital image processing 4th edition

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 4

 Image Sensing and Acquisition

© R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods, Digital image processing 4th edition

01/23/2022 Chapter six 5

 Cont’d
Image Acquisition Using a Single Sensing
Element

© R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods, Digital image processing 4th edition

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 6

 Cont’d
Image Acquisition Using a Sensor Strip

© R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods, Digital image processing 4th edition

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 7

 Cont’d
Image Acquisition Using a Sensor Aray

© R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods, Digital image processing 4th edition

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 8

 Cont’d

𝑓  ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) =𝑖 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) 𝑟 ( 𝑥 , 𝑦)

Where:
 
i(x,y) is the amount of source illumination
© R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods, Digital image processing 4th edition incident on the scene being viewed

r(x,y) is the amount of illumination

reflected by the objects in the scene
01/23/2022 Chapter six 9
 Human Perception

Figure 1: contrast

Figure 2: colorblindness test

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 10
 Illumination Sources

Figure 1:
Electromagnetic
Spectrum

Figure 2: Sound
wave

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 X-ray

Wilhelm Roentgen, Professor of

Physics in Wurzburg, Bavaria,
discovered X-rays in 1895.
NOTE
• Background radiation: 5*10-3 to 2*10-2
Sv/year
• Single whole body exposure of 6 Sv is mean
lethal dose
• 10Sv life time exposure is harmless
01/23/2022 Chapter Six 12
 X-ray production

Figure: rotating anode x-ray tube,

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 13
 Cont’d
• The production of x-ray
is through two
mechanism
1. deceleration of a charged
particle, called
bremsstrahlung
radiation
2. accelerated electron strikes
an atom in the anode and
removes an inner electron
from this atom, called
characteristic radiation

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 14

 Cont’d
A filter, such as a few millimeters of aluminum, or
copper may be used to harden the beam by absorbing
most of low energy photons.
The remaining photons are more penetrating and are
more useful for radiography.

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 Attenuation
• All energy taken from the primary beam, weather scattered or
converted to other forms of energy, the result is known as attenuation

Figure:
Attenuation of
monochromatic radiation

𝐼  = 𝐼 0 𝑒 𝜇 𝑥

Where:
 
I is final beam intensity
I0 is initial beam intensity
is attenuation coefficient
X is thickeness

Figure:
Attenuation of
polychromatic radiation
01/23/2022 Chapter Six 16
 Interactions of X-rays with Tissue

Absorption Scattering
• Photoelectric effect • photon that changes its
direction of motion

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 17

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 18
 Image Detection
• most commonly used method
uses light-sensitive negative
film as a medium together with
x-ray-sensitive screens.
• X-ray image intensifier
• Digital system

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 Figures
Figure: Analog X-ray

Figure: Fluoroscopy

Figure: Digital
X-ray
Figure:
Mobile X-
ray

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 20

 Limitations Radiography

• Superimposition of all structures in the image, making it difficult to

distinguish particular detail

• difficult to distinguish two objects which one happens homogenous

and of non-uniform thickness, and of non-homogenous and uniform
thickness

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 tomos = slice; graphein = to write
● definition - imaging of an object by analyzing its slices

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 Image Reconstruction from Projections

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 Cont’d

𝑀 −1 𝑁 − 1
 
𝑔 ( 𝜌 ,𝜃 )= ∑ ∑ 𝑓 (𝑥 , 𝑦)𝛿(𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃+ 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝜌)
𝑥=0 𝑦= 0

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 24

 CT Generations
• First-generation
• employ a “pencil” X-ray beam and a
single detector
• X-ray tube and single detector are
connected and move together by
translation and then rotation
• Second-generation
• the beam used is in the shape of a
fan.
• This allows the use of multiple
detectors, thus requiring fewer
translations of the source/detector
pair

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 Cont’d
• Third-generation • Fourth-generation
• full rotation of x ray tube+detectors • only x ray tube rotates, detectors are
complex stationary

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 Cont’d
• sixth-generation
• G3 or G4 scanner is configured using
so-called slip rings that eliminate the
need for electrical and signal cabling
between the source/detectors and the
processing unit
• source/detector pair then rotates
continuously through 360° while the
patient is moved at a constant speed
along the axis perpendicular to the
scan

01/23/2022 Chapter six 27

 System Components

01/23/2022 Chapter six 28

 Cont’d

01/23/2022 Chapter Six 29

Adama Science and Technology University
School of Electrical Engineering and Computing
Department of Electronics and Communication

Course Name: Biomedical Instrumentation

Course code ECE 5321
Tewodros Endale
2021