Submitted by: Guided by:

Naveen Jain Er. Mayanka Vats

B.Tech. VIII sem. (E.C Department)
I.E.T. Alwar
 INTRODUCTION
 Landmines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) are a legacy of war.

 Landmines kill 26000 people annually. In Cambodia, whole areas of

arable land cannot be farmed due to the threat of landmines.

Examples of anti-personnel mines. From

left to right: an M14, Valmara69 (a
bounding mine), and VS-50:-
Technologies are used for landmine
detection are:
Metal detectors
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Thermal imaging and electro-optical sensors
Chemical sensors such as thermal fluorescence
Biological sensors
“Ground penetrating Radar”
Ground Penetrating Radar(G.P.R)
 G.P.R is ultra wide band radar which provides
centimeter resolution to locate even small targets

 GPR is quite effective in detecting both metal and plastic

landmines in a variety of soils

 There are two distinct types of GPR :-

 Time-domain
 Frequency domain
Schematic View of G.P.R

Block Diagram of G.P.R

HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

Fig 1. Block diagram

Pulse Generator
The pulse generator delivered by SATIS Co. produces 0.8 ns
monocycle pulses. The unique feature of this generator is its
small trailing oscillations, which are below 2.4% of maximum
amplitude during the first 2 ns and below 0.5% afterwards.
The generator spectrum covers a wide frequency
band from 500 MHz till 2GHz on 3dB level
Graphically Analysis

Figure 2. Output signal from the 0.8ns generator

 ANTENNA SYSTEM
The antenna system is one of the most critical parts of GPR system
The antenna system contains Transmitter and Receiver.
 Transmitter Antenna :-
• Radiate short ultra-wide band (UWB) pulse with small ringing.
• Radiate electro magnetic energy within a narrow cone in order to filter out
undesirable back scattering from surrounding objects.
• Produce an optimal footprint on the ground surface and below it.

 Receiver Antenna :-
• Allow time windowing to isolate the direct air wave from the ground
reflection.
• Provide sufficient sensitivity in order to receive very weak fields.
• Be elevated at least 10cm above the ground surface
OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM
Visualizing GPR Data:-
 The objective of GPR data presentation is to provide a display of the
processed data that is closely approximates an image of the subsurface, with
the anomalies that are associated with the objects of interest located in their
proper spatial positions.

 There are two types of displays of surface data, these are:

 A SCAN
 B SCAN
A Scan:-
 An A-scan (or one dimensional data presentation ) is obtained by a stationary
measurement, emission and collection of a signal after placing the antenna
above the position of interest. The collected signal is presented as signal
strength vs.time delay.
B Scan:-
B scan or Radargram is used to visualize the target of surrogate mine. This
showing the targets at approximately 55 cm and 100 cm. B scan calculating
the distance from the soil to the mine. In this sample radargram showing
the exact position. A sample radargram is shown in figure.
ADVANTAGE:-
 GPR has accurate measurements.
 GPR locates even small targets.
 It has been well founded by the defense.
 GPR operates by detecting the dielectric soils which allows it to locate even
no metallic mines.
 Biological sensors can only operate for limited periods, but in GPR has no
such limits.
 GPR has been tested in different environmental conditions
DISADVANTAGES:-
The sensor such as GPR is larger and heavier.
GPR is more power hungry.
GPR can suffer falls alarm rates as high as metal detectors.