 OVERVIEW OF CONTENT

 Demographic cycle
 Fertility
 Family planning – objectives of national family
planning programme and family planning
methods
 General idea of advantage and disadvantage
methods
 Demography is scientific study of human
population
Attention on 3 phenomenon
 Changes in population size

 Composition of population

 Distribution of population in space

 Demographic cycle
 5 stages through which nation passes
 First stage : high birth rate & high death rate
 Second stage : birth rate same &death rate declines
 Third stage : death rate declines still further and
birth rate tends to fall
 Fourth stage : low birth rate & low death rate
 Fifth stage : population declines as birth rate
declines than death rate
 Fertility
 By Fertility meant the actual bearing of children
 Few demographer prefer word natality in place of
fertility
 Woman’s reproductive period is 15-45yrs(30yrs
span- may give birth to 15 children)
 in India woman gives birth to 6/7 children if her
married life is uninterrupted
Higher fertility in India due to
Universality of marriage

Low level of literacy

Poor level of living

Limited use of contraceptives

Traditional ways of life

Factors affecting fertility according to demographers:
Age at marriage
Duration of married life
Spacing of children
Education
Economic status
Caste and religion
Nutrition
Family planning
others
 Family planning
 WHO definition, ‘a way of thinking and living
that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of
knowledge, attitude and responsible decisions by
individuals and couples in order to promote the
health and welfare of the family group and thus
contribute effectively to the social development
of country’
Family planning help individuals or couples to
achieve certain objectives:
To avoid unwanted births

To bring about wanted birth

To regulate interval between pregnancies

To control the time at which birth occurs in relation to

the ages of the parent

To determine the number of children in the family
Health aspects of family planning:
Women’s health

Foetal health

Infant and child health

The welfare concept – quality of life

Small family norm:1970 – 1980 2-child norm

 Eligible couples:Currently married couple
wherein the wife is in reproductive age
 Target couples who have 2-3 living children
 Contraceptive method
 By definition preventive methods to help women

avoid unwanted pregnancies.

 They include all permanent and temporary

methods to prevent pregnancies

Broadly divided in two classes
1). Spacing method
2). Terminal methods
1). Spacing method:
Barrier methods
Intra-uterine devices
Hormonal methods
Post-conceptional methods
Miscellaneous
2). Terminal methods
Male sterilization
Female sterilization