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PATRICK PROSTAMO
How is a Star
Black Holes White Dwarfs
formed?

Black Dwarfs Brown Dwarfs Pulsars

References
Stars are born within the clouds of dust and
scattered throughout most galaxies. Turbulence
deep within these clouds gives rise to knots
with sufficient mass that the gas and dust can
begin to collapse under its own gravitational
attraction. As the cloud collapses, the material
at the centre begins to heat up. Known as a
protostar, it is this hot core at the heart of the
collapsing cloud that will one day become a
star. As the cloud collapses, a dense, hot core
forms and begins gathering dust and gas. Not
all of this material ends up as part of a star. The
remaining dust can become planets, asteroids,
or comets or may remain as dust.

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A black hole is formed when a star of
sufficient mass undergoes gravitational
collapse, with most or all of its mass
compressed into a sufficiently small area of
space, causing infinite space time curvature
at that point. Such a massive space time
curvature allows nothing, not even light, to
escape from the border.

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A white dwarf is a type of star that contains
about as much matter as the Sun, but
packed into a size comparable to the Earth.
The majority of white dwarfs are thought to
be made mostly of carbon and oxygen.
Normal stars fuse hydrogen into helium
until the hydrogen deep in the centre
begins to run out. For very massive stars
this may take only a million years, but for
stars like the Sun, the hydrogen lasts for
10,000 million years. When enough helium
is produced from fusion, it begins to sink to
the middle of the star and release some
heat in the process. This messes up the
internal balance of the star, and it begins to
bloat into a red giant.
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A black dwarf is a white dwarf that has
cooled down to the temperature of the
cosmic microwave background, and so is
invisible. Unlike brown dwarfs and white
dwarfs, black dwarfs are entirely
hypothetical. Once a star has evolved to
become a white dwarf, it no longer has an
internal source of heat, and is shining only
because it is still hot. Like something taken
from the oven, left alone a white dwarf will
cool down until it is the same temperature
as its surroundings, however a white dwarf
cools only by radiation. Once it has cooled
down, it then forms a Black Dwarf.

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Brown dwarfs are small-size objects,
believed to result from condensations of
fragments of molecular clouds. A brown
dwarf has a small mass, too low to ignite
nuclear fusion. They are not much larger
than Jupiter, and warm from their
contraction. They also emit copious
infrared radiation, thus the name “brown
dwarfs”.

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A pulsar is a neutron star which emits
beams of radiation that sweep through the
earth's line of sight. Like a black hole, it is
an end point to stellar evolution. The
“pulses” of high-energy radiation we see
from a pulsar are due to a misalignment of
the neutron star's rotation axis and its
magnetic axis. Pulsars pulse because
the rotation of the neutron star causes the
radiation generated within the magnetic
field to sweep in and out of our line of sight
with a regular period.

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- “How Are Stars Formed?”- John Ankerberg Show
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf
- How Do Stars Form And Evolve- NASA Sience
-“Heinemann Science Links 4 VELS Edition Text Book”( P 155-160)
- General Notes copied in Class

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