Naveen Patel

Spanning Tree Protocol

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) uses Spanning Tree Algorithm to avoid

the Switching loops in layer-2 devices (bridges or switches).

STP works when multiple switches are used with redundant links avoiding

Broadcast Storms, Multiple Frame Copies & Database instability.

First Developed By DEC

STP is a open standard (IEEE 802.1D)

Naveen Patel
Spanning Tree Protocol

Root :A Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001

I'm the Root
Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00001

FA0/24 FA0/23

Switch A

I'm the Root

I'm the Root
Switch B
FA0/24 FA0/23 Switch C

FA0/23 FA0/24
Switch D

Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00003

Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00003

Root :B Root :C
Naveen Patel
Spanning Tree Protocol

Root :A Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001

Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00001

FA0/24 FA0/23
Switch A

I'm the Root

Because MY
ID I'm the Not
is Lesser
Root Because
B ID is Lesser
Switch B
FA0/24 FA0/23

FA0/23 FA0/24
Switch C

Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00003

Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00002
ID:32768.0000-0000-00003
B Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00002

Root :B Root :C
:B
Naveen Patel
Spanning Tree Protocol

A Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
Root :A Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00001

FA0/24 FA0/23
Switch A

I'm the Not

Root Because B is not Root
A ID Is Lesser Because A ID
is Lesser
Switch B FA0/24

FA0/23 FA0/24
Switch C
Switch D

Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00003

Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001
ID:32768.0000-0000-00002

Root :A
:B Root :A
:B
Naveen Patel
 Spanning Tree Protocol

Root :A Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001

Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00001

D Port
D Port
FA0/24 FA0/23
Switch A

s
bp

Sp
M

ee
0

d
10

10
ed

0
e

M
Sp

bp
Root Port Root Port

s
FA0/24 D Port Non D. Port FA0/23
Switch B
Switch C
FA0/23 FA0/24

Speed 100 Mbps X

Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00002 Bridge ID:32768.0000-0000-00003
Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001 Root ID:32768.0000-0000-00001

Root :A Root :A
Naveen Patel
STP Terminology

BPDU
All switches exchange information through what is called as Bridge
Protocol Data Units (BPDUs)
BPDUs contain a lot of information to help the switches determine the
topology and any loops that result from that topology.
BPDUs are sent every 2 sec
Bridge ID
Each switch has a unique identifier called a Bridge ID or Switch ID
Bridge ID = Priority + MAC address of the switch
When a switch advertises a BPDU , they place their switch id in these
BPDUs.

Naveen Patel
STP Terminology

Root Bridge
The bridge with the Best (Lowest) ID.
Out of all the switches in the network , one is elected as a root
bridge that becomes the focal point in the network.
Non-Root bridge
All Switches other than the Root Bridge are Non-Root Bridges

Naveen Patel
STP Terminology

Designated port
Either a port On a root bridge or a port that has been

determined as having the best (lower) cost.

A designated port will always in Forward Mode

Root port
The link directly connected to the root bridge, or the
shortest path to the root bridge.
Priority and Alternatives if Conflict occurred.
Root port with the least cost (Speed) connecting to the root bridge.
The bridge with the Best (Lowest) Switch ID.
Lowest Physical Port Number.
Only One root port will Be in Bridge or switch.

Non Designated port

All the Port or ports which are blocked by STP to avoid switching loop.
A Non Designated port Will Always in Blocked Mode.

Naveen Patel
Switch - Port States

Disable - No Limits.

Blocking - 20 Sec Or No Limits.

Listening - 15 Sec.

Learning - 15 Sec.

Forwarding - No Limits.

Naveen Patel
Virtual LAN Trunking Protocol

VTP is a CISCO proprietary protocol

used to share the VLAN configurations with multiple switches.

Information will be passed only if switches connected with

FastEthernet or higher ports.

Note: Switches Should be configure with same Domain Name. Domain

Names are not Case sensitive.

Naveen Patel
VTP Modes

VTP Mode are of three types :

• Server Mode
– A Switch configured in Server mode can Add , Modify
and Delete VLAN’s

– A Default VTP mode for all switches

• Client Mode

– A switch configured in Client mode cannot Add , Modify and

Delete its VLAN configurations

– Doesn’t store its VLAN configuration information in the

NVRAM. Instead , learns it from the server every time it
boots up
• Transparent Mode

– A switch configured in a Transparent Mode can Add ,

Modify and Delete VLAN configurations. Changes in one
Naveentransparent
Patel switch will not affect any other switch.
VTP Messages

Advertisement Request

Subset Advertisement

Summary Advertisement

Naveen Patel
VLAN Trunking Protocol Configuration

Sales Marketing
Vlan no. 5 Vlan no. 6

VTP Server
192.168.20.1 192.168.20.2 192.168.20.3

Fa0/24
Sales Marketing
Vlan no. 5 Vlan no. 6

192.168.20.4 192.168.20.5 192.168.20.6 Fa0/24

Naveen Patel
VTP Client
CDP

Cisco Property Protocol.

CDP is enable by default in All Cisco Networking Devices.

CDP Advertisement are send through all the ports by default.

CDP Advertisement are send every 60 second.

Advertisement are send via multicast.

Naveen Patel
Advantages Of CDP

Once the Layer 1 is Active CDP Sends the information to its neighbor.
It can be used for Layer 1, layer 2, layer 3 troubleshooting.
Information
Logical Address (if define).
Hostname (given by hostname command).
Hardware Platform.
IOS Version.
Interface Type and Interface Number of local and remote device
connected.

Naveen Patel
Disadvantages Of CDP

CDP Can be used only between Cisco Devices.

Information about only directly connected neighbors can be known.

Can be used to troubleshoot only between two Cisco devices not any other

like Pc To switch.

Naveen Patel
CDP

HYD Bombay CHE

CHE Agra Simla DEL
E0 E0 E0 E0 E0 E0

Surat E0 S24 S50

SRI E0

Naveen Patel
Naveen Patel
switch65# Config terminal
switch65(config)# vtp domain zoom
switch65(config)# vtp mode server
switch65(config)# vtp password cisco
switch65(config)# vtp pruningVTP
VTPConfiguration
Configuration––2950
2950Series
Series
Switch(config)#
Switch(config)#
switch65(config)# ^z VTP
VTPDomain
Domain<Name>
<Name>
switch65# showSwitch(config)#
Switch(config)#
vtp status VTP
VTPPassword
Password<password>
<password>
Switch(config)#
Switch(config)# VTPVTPMode
Mode<server/client/transparent>
<server/client/transparent>
VTP Version Switch(config)# : 2
Switch(config)# VTPVTPpruning
pruning
Configuration Revision VTP :0
VTPConfiguration
Configuration––2900
2900Series
Series
Maximum VLANs supported
Switch#VLAN locally : 64
Switch#VLANDatabase
Database
Number of existing VLANs
Switch(VLAN)# :7
Switch(VLAN)#VTP VTPDomain
Domain<Name>
<Name>
VTP Operating Mode
Switch(VLAN)# : Server
Switch(VLAN)#VTP VTPPassword
Password<password>
<password>
VTP Domain Name Switch(VLAN)# : zoom
Switch(VLAN)#VTP VTPMode
Mode<server/client/transparent>
<server/client/transparent>
VTP Pruning ModeSwitch(VLAN)# : Enabled
Switch(VLAN)#VTP VTPpruning
pruning
VTP V2 Mode : Enabled
VTP Traps Generation : Disabled
MD5 digest : 0xE4 0x74 0xA1 0xA3 0x21 0x8D 0xF1 0xB0
Configuration last modified by 192.168.20.65 at 3-1-93 01:13:25
Local updater ID is 192.168.20.65 on interface Vl1 (lowest numbered VLAN interfa
ce found)

Naveen Patel
switch75# Config terminal
Vtp client
switch75(config)# vtp domain zoom
switch75(config)# vtp mode Client
switch75(config)# vtp password cisco
switch75(config)# vtp pruning
switch75(config)# ^z
switch75# show vtp status
VTP Version :2
Configuration Revision :0
Maximum VLANs supported locally : 64
Number of existing VLANs :7
VTP Operating Mode : Client
VTP Domain Name : zoom
VTP Pruning Mode : Enabled
VTP V2 Mode : Enabled
VTP Traps Generation : Disabled
MD5 digest : 0xE4 0x74 0xA1 0xA3 0x21 0x8D 0xF1 0xB0
Configuration last modified by 192.168.20.65 at 3-1-93 01:13:25
Local updater ID is 192.168.20.65 on interface Vl1 (lowest numbered VLAN interfa
ce found)

Naveen Patel
s24# show cdp
Global CDP information:
Cdp
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Sending a holdtime value of 180 seconds
Sending CDPv2 advertisements is enabled
s24# show cdp neighbors
Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r – Repeater

Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID

HYD Fas 0/4 140 R 2500 Eth 0
S50 Fas 0/24 126 SI WS-C2950T- Fas 0/24
Agra Fas 0/8 130 R 2500 Eth 0
Simla Fas 0/10 160 R 2500 Eth 0
Bombay Fas 0/5 158 R 2500 Eth 0
Surat Fas 0/6 124 R 2500 Eth 0
CHE Fas 0/7 140 R 2520 Eth 0
Sri Fas 0/18 120 R 2611 Eth 0/0
Del Fas 0/9 150 R 2500 Eth 0

Naveen Patel
s24# show cdp neighbors detail
------------------------- cdp2
Device ID: HYD
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.4.150
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/4, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 131 sec
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-P-L), Version 12.0(24), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 30-Sep-02 20:43 by srani
advertisement version: 1
-------------------------
Device ID: s50
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.20.50
Platform: cisco WS-C2950T-24, Capabilities: Switch IGMP
Interface: FastEthernet0/24, Port ID (outgoing port): FastEthernet0/24
Holdtime : 177 sec
--More--
Naveen Patel
Version :
cdp3
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2950 Software (C2950-I6Q4L2-M), Version 12.1(12c)EA1,
RELEASE SOFTWA (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Sun 24-Nov-02 23:31 by antonino
advertisement version: 2
Protocol Hello: OUI=0x00000C, Protocol ID=0x0112; payload
len=27, value=00000
0FFFFFFFF010221FF000000000000000BFDFE9800FF0000
VTP Management Domain: ‘zoom'
Native VLAN: 1
Duplex: full
-------------------------
Device ID: Agra
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.8.150
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/8, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 174 sec
Version :
-- More --
Naveen Patel
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
Cdp4
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-I-L), Version 12.1(12b), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 01-Feb-02 07:30 by kellythw
advertisement version: 2
Duplex: half
-------------------------
Device ID: SIMLA
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.10.150
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities:
Interface: FastEthernet0/10, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 141 sec
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-I-L), Version 12.0(9), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2000 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 24-Jan-00 21:19 by bettyl
advertisement version: 1

--More--

Naveen Patel
-------------------------
Device ID: Bombay Cdp5
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.5.150
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/5, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 135 sec
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-P-L), Version 12.0(24), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 30-Sep-02 20:43 by srani
advertisement version: 1
-------------------------
Device ID: surat
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.6.150
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/6, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 158 sec

-- More--
Naveen Patel
Version :
cdp6
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-I-L), Version 12.1(12b), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 01-Feb-02 07:30 by kellythw
advertisement version: 2
Duplex: half
-------------------------
Device ID: CHE
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.7.150
Platform: cisco 2520, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/7, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Holdtime : 173 sec
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-I-L), Version 12.1(12b), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Fri 01-Feb-02 07:30 by kellythw
advertisement version: 2
Duplex: half
--More--
Naveen Patel
Device ID: sri
Entry address(es):
cdp7
IP address: 192.168.11.150
Platform: cisco 2611, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/18, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0/0
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-I-M), Version 12.0(7)T, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Copyright (c) 1986-1999 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Tue 07-Dec-99 02:12 by phanguye
-------------------------
Device ID: del
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.9.150
Platform: cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: FastEthernet0/9, Port ID (outgoing port): Ethernet0
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-P-L), Version 12.0(24), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Mon 30-Sep-02 20:43 by srani
advertisement version: 1
Naveen Patel
s24# show cdp interface fa 0/24
cdp8
FastEthernet0/24 is up, line protocol is up
Encapsulation ARPA
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Holdtime is 180 seconds

Naveen Patel
chennai# show cdp
Global CDP information:
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Sending a holdtime value of 180 seconds
chennai# show cdp neighbors
Capability Codes: R - Router, T - Trans Bridge, B - Source Route Bridge
S - Switch, H - Host, I - IGMP, r - Repeater
Device ID Local Intrfce Holdtme Capability Platform Port ID
Ban Ser 0 145 R 2509 Ser 1
Hyd Ser 1 141 R 2500 Ser 0
S50 Eth 0 124 SI WS-C2950T-Fas 0/2

Naveen Patel
chennai# show cdp neighbors detail
------------------------- Cdp r 2
Device ID: s50
Entry address(es):
IP address: 192.168.20.50
Platform: cisco WS-C2950T-24, Capabilities: Switch IGMP
Interface: Ethernet0, Port ID (outgoing port): FastEthernet0/2
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS - C2950 Software (C2950-I6Q4L2-M), Version 12.1(12c), RELEASE SOFTWAR
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
-------------------------
Device ID: ban
Entry address(es):
IP address: 11.0.0.2
Platform: cisco 2509, Capabilities: Router
Interface: Serial0, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial1
Holdtime : 121 sec
Version :
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-I-L), Version 12.1(12b), RELEASE SOFTWARE
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by cisco Systems, Inc.
-- More --
Naveen Patel
Device ID: hyd
Entry address (es): Cdp r 3`
IP address: 10.0.0.1
Platform: Cisco 2500, Capabilities: Router
Interface: Serial1, Port ID (outgoing port): Serial0
Hold time : 175 sec
Version :
Cisco Internet work Operating System Software
IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-I-L), Version 12.1(12b), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1986-2002 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
chennai# show cdp interface
Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up
Encapsulation ARPA
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Hold time is 180 seconds
Serial0 is up, line protocol is up
Encapsulation HDLC
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Hold time is 180 seconds
Serial1 is up, line protocol is up
Encapsulation HDLC
Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds
Naveen Patel