IC RECPROCATING ENGINE

PRESENTAION
FUEL INJECTION
FUEL PROPERTY
AIR POLLUTION ISSUE OF CI ENGINE
LIQUID HYDRO CARBONS
PETROLEUM REFINORY
 FUEL INJECTION
• DEFNITION
• Fuel:It is any material that produces heat or
power usually when it burnt
• Injection:It is the act of pushing a liquid
 Fuel injection system and it’s types

It is the introduction of fuel in an internal combusition engine, most commonly

Automotive engines, by the means of an Injector. All 
diesel (compression-ignition) engines use fuel injection, and many otto
(spark-ignition) engines use fuel injection of one kind or another. Fuel injection was
introduced in the early 1950s.  
• There are two main functional principles of mixture formation systems for
internal combustion engines:

•  INTERNAL MIXTURE FORMATION,
• EXTERNAL MIXTURE FORMATION
 A fuel injection system that uses external mixture formation is called a 
manifold injection system; there exist two types of manifold injection systems:
#multi-point injection (port injection),
#single-point injection (throttle-body injection).
Internal mixture formation systems can be separated into
#Direct, Injection Systems
#Indirect Injection Systems.
An ideal fuel injection system can precisely provide exactly the right amount of fuel
under all engine operating conditions. This typically means easy engine operation even at
low engine temperatures (cold start), good adaptation to a wide range of altitudes and good
fuel efficiency,
In practice an ideal fuel injection system does not exist, but there is a huge variety of
different fuel injection systems with certain advantages and disadvantages.
When designing a fuel injection system, a variety of factors has to be
taken into consideration, including:
•System cost
•Engine performance and vehicle driveability (ease of starting, smooth
running, etc.)
•exhaust emissions
•Fuel efficiency
•Reliability
•Ability to run on various fuels
 All fuel injection systems comprise three basic components:
#they have at least one fuel injector (sometimes called an injection valve):
#a device that creates sufficient injection pressure,
#a device that meters the correct amount of fuel.
 External mixture formation
In an engine with external mixture formation, air and fuel are mixed outside the
combustion chamber, so that a premixed mixture of air and fuel is sucked into the
engine. External mixture formation systems are common in petrol-fueled engines such
as the Otto engine,There exist two main external mixture formation systems in internal
combustion engines: carburettors, and manifold injection
. There exist two types of manifold injection: 
#single-point injection,
#multi-point injection
Single-point injection
Single-point injection uses one injector in a throttle body mounted similarly to a carburetor on
an intake manifold. As in a carbureted induction system, the fuel is mixed with the air before the
inlet of the intake manifold.Single-point injection was a relatively low-cost way for automakers
to reduce exhaust emissions to comply with tightening regulations while providing better
"driveability" (easy starting, smooth running, freedom from hesitation) than could be obtained
with a carburetor. Many of the carburetor's supporting components - such as the air cleaner,
intake manifold, and fuel line routing - could be used with few or no changes.
 Multi-point injection
Multi-point injection injects fuel into the intake ports just upstream of each
cylinder's intake valve, rather than at a central point within an intake manifold. Typically,
multi-point injected systems use multiple fuel injectors

Internal mixture formation

In an engine with an internal mixture formation system, air and fuel are mixed only inside
the combustion chamber. Therefore, only air is sucked into the engine during the intake stroke.
The injection scheme is always intermittent (either sequential or cylinder-individual). There are
two different types of internal mixture formation systems: indirect injection, and direct
injection.
 INDIRECT INJECTION
In an indirect injected engine, there are two combustion chambers: a
main combustion chamber, and a pre-chamber (also called an ante-
chamber) that is connected to the main one. The fuel is injected only into
the pre-chamber (where it begins to combust), and not directly into the
main combustion chamber. Therefore, this principle is called indirect
injection. some Diesel (compression ignition) engines use indirect injection
DIRECT INJECTION
Direct injection means that an engine only has a single combustion chamber, and that
the fuel is injected directly into this chamber. This can be done either with a blast of air (
air-blast injection), or hydraulically. The latter method is far more common in
automotive engines. Typically, hydraulic direct injection systems spray the fuel into the
air inside the cylinder or combustion chamber. Direct injection is well-suited for a huge
variety of fuels, including petrol and diesel fuel.
 In a common rail system, the fuel from the fuel tank is supplied to the common header
(called the accumulator). This fuel is then sent through tubing to the injectors, which inject it
into the combustion chamber. The header has a high pressure relief valve to maintain the
pressure in the header and return the excess fuel to the fuel tank. The fuel is sprayed with the
help of a nozzle that is opened and closed with a needle valve, operated with a solenoid. When
the solenoid is not activated, the spring forces the needle valve into the nozzle passage and
prevents the injection of fuel into the cylinder. The solenoid lifts the needle valve from the valve
seat, and fuel under pressure is sent in the engine cylinder.
FUEL PROPERTYS
 Fuel property

Fuel properties
The most important properties of gasoline fuel are
1, volatility
2, knocking resistance
3, density
4, stability
5, energy content
 The most important properties of diesel fuel are
1, viscosity
2, surface tension
3, Ignition tendency.

Gasoline properties
1, volatility
The vapor pressure test is another measure of the fuel's volatility. More volatile fuels vaporize more readily and create more
pressure when measured. Less volatile fuels exert less pressure and evaporate more slowly.
Gasoline is highly volatile due to its low flash point and easily vaporizes when exposed to air.Gasoline is dangerous
because it is highly volatile. The fumes are capable of ignition up to12 feet away from a pooled source. It can float on water
and may spread long distances, making ignition and flash back possible.
2, Knocking RESISTANCE
In an internal-combustion engine, sharp sounds caused by premature combustion of part of the compressed air-
fuel mixture in the cylinder. ... These pressure waves force parts of the engine to vibrate, which produces an
audible knock

3, Density
The specific gravity of gasoline is from 0.71 to 0.77 with higher densities having a greater volume of aromatics.
Finished marketable gasoline is traded (in Europe) with a standard reference of 0.755 kg/L (6.30 lb/US gal), and its
price is escalated or de-escalated according to its actual density. Because of its low density, gasoline floats on
water, and so water cannot generally be used to extinguish a gasoline fire unless applied in a fine mist.
4, Stability
Quality gasoline should be stable for six months if stored properly, but as gasoline is a mixture rather than a single
compound, it will break down slowly over time due to the separation of the components.

5, Energy content
A gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine obtains energy from the combustion of gasoline’s.
various hydrocarbons with oxygen from the ambient air, yielding carbon dioxide and water as exhaust.  The
combustion of octane, a representative species, performs the chemical reaction.
Diesel properties
1,viscosity
 Diesel fuel has a viscosity in the range of 2.5–3.2 cSt at 40°C, and biodiesel consisting of the methyl esters of soybean oil has
a viscosity between 4.2 and 4.6
Diesel is refined at a higher temperature than petrol and has a certain viscosity according to the different surrounding
temperatures (unlike petrol).
2, surface tension
The surface tension of water is approximately 72.3(10 -3 ) N/ml, where as the surface tension of gasoline is 21.60 (10 -3 )
N/ml
The surface tension is defined as the partial derivative of the surface free energy with respect to the dividing area between the
gas and liquid phases. ... The surface tension is required to predict the capillary pressure of the oil in a porous solid

3, Ignition tendency
A gasoline engine takes a mixture of gas and air, compresses it, and ignites the mixture with a spark. A diesel engine takes air,
compresses it, and then injects fuel into the compressed air. The heat of the compressed air ignites the fuel spontaneously.
Air Pollution Issue CI Engine
 Air Pollution Issue CI Engine
The CI engine, popularly known as the diesel, is examined as a contributor to air
pollution.Smoke and odor are recognized as the primary targets of public objection to
the diesel, and factors relevant to the smoke and odor problem are discussed
Problems that involve diesel smoke as readily manageable but a satisfactory solution
to the diesel odor problem is not yet evident.
Other pollutants—unburned hydrocarbon, partially burned hydrocarbon,
oxides of nitrogen, and in lesser degree, carbon monoxide—are significant in the
products of diesel combustion.
Features both inherent and unique to the diesel combustion process are
discussed as factors relevant to generation or avoidance of objectionable pollutants
Except for the problem of odor and of oxides of nitrogen, it would appear that the
combustion processes of the CI engine inherently are favorable toward engine design
and operation for reduction in pollutants to meet environmental needs.
Liquid hydrocarbons
 Liquid hydrocarbons
Liquid hydrocarbons are the main components of current energy
infrastructure.Liquid hydrocarbons produced from non fossil energy sources,
nuclear and specifically renewable resources, would thus be completely
compatible with the existing energy infrastructure.
Liquid hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that occurs as liquids under
higher pressures. pentane are liquids at room temperature.
Liquid hydrocarbon is the power of engine. It work with a fuel pump.

Gasoline is the most widely used liquid fuel.it is made of hydrocarbon

molecule( compounds that contain hydrogen and carbons only) forming
aliphatic compounds, or chains of carbons with hydrogen atoms attached.
Petroleum refinery
 Petroleum refinery
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant
where crude oil transformed and refined into useful products such as
petroleum naphtha,gasoline,diesel fuel ,asphalt base,heating
oil,kerosene liquefield petroleum gas, etc
 Types of petroleum refinery
1.Topping ; is processing plant with a simple configuration . Constructed primarily for
preparing raw materials for manufacturing petrochemicals and industrial fuels

2. Hydro skimming; is better than topping refinery because of the addition of hydro
treating and reforming units to the basic configuration makes up a topping refinery

3. Conversion; also known as cracking refineries conversion are refining plants that have
all basic units that make up both topping and hydro skimming refineries as well as gas oil
conversion units.

4. Deep conversion ; is a combination all components of a conversion refinery ,and an

additional unit known as the coking unit .
the cooking unit makes it possible to treat and convert extremely heavy crude oil fraction
in to lighter products.
THANKYOU!