ENGINEERING

THRESHOLDS

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
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Venue: World Trade Center
1 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
 Introduction
• What are the Engineering Thresholds?

• Who defines the thresholds?

• What happens if we have wrong thresholds?

• Are MS /BTS sensitivities enough as planning criterion?

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
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Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
Venue: World Trade Center
2 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
 Definitions

• Design Threshold is the signal strength that should be

obtained on the cell border when planning with a prediction tool

• The required signal strength is what is obtained when

performing a call in real life situation

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
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Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
Venue: World Trade Center
3 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
Who defines the thresholds

Engineers translate marketing

objectives into
engineering margins

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
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Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
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4 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
Impact on network cost

• Engineering threshold must be well defined

=> Direct impact on number of site
=> Direct impact on network price

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
6
Venue: World Trade Center
5 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
MS/BTS sensitivities

• Sensitivity : Min required signal level at receiver to meet

performance requirements

• MS Sensitivities
– GSM 900 : -102 dBm
– GSM 1800 : -100 dBm

• BTS Sensitivities :-107 dBm

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
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Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
Venue: World Trade Center
6 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
 Thresholds Calculation

• Required Signal Strength =

Mobile sensitivity+Rayleigh fading margin+Interference margin +
Body Loss

• Outdoor Design Threshold =

Required Signal Strength+ Outdoor lognormal fading margin+HO
Margin

• Incar Design Threshold =

Required Signal Strength+ Outdoor lognormal fading margin+ car
penetration loss+HO Margin

• Indoor Design Threshold =

Required Signal Strength+ Outdoor & Indoor lognormal fading
margin + Building Penetration loss +HO Margin The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)
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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
Venue: World Trade Center
7 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
Rayleigh fading margin

• Why Rayleigh fading ?

– It is due to multipath interference
– Usually in urban enviroments
• Who is affected with it?
– Slow mobiles (3Km/h) are affected with the Rayleigh fading
• How to protect slow mobiles from the bad speech quality?
– Rayleigh fading margin …3 dB
– Antennas diversity
– Frequency hopping (not for BCCH)
RxLev

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
Venue: World Trade Center
8 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
Interference Margin

• frequency reuse ==> Interference

• It increases with the increase in traffic load
• The C/(N+I) must exceed the mobile threshold
• How to reduce the effect of Interference:
– Interference margin 2 dB
– Frequency hopping
– Dynamic power control
– DTX

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
Venue: World Trade Center
9 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
Handover Margin

New threshold HO_margin

Margin

Best Server Border

Area where the HO occurs

Ensure a good HO to neighbouring cell

Margin for Handover = HO_margin/2
The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)
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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
Venue: World Trade Center
10 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
Body Loss

• Head absorbs energy

• Antennas efficiency of the Ms
• Body loss= 5dB

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
Venue: World Trade Center
11 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
 Car penetration loss

• If the mobile is in the car with no external antenna then we

should take into account the car penetration loss

• Car penetration loss = 6 dB

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
Venue: World Trade Center
12 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
Log-normal fading

• The signal strength value computed by wave propagation algorithms

can be considered the mean value of the signal strength in a small
area with a size determined by the resolution and accuracy of the
model. Assume that fast fading is removed , the local mean value of
the signal strength fluctuates in a way not considered in the prediction
algorithm. This deviation of the local mean in dB, compared to the
predicted mean, has an almost normal distribution. Therefore, this
variation is called log normal fading.

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
Venue: World Trade Center
13 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
Building penetration loss

• Reinforced concrete buildings

 A = 10 dB

• Brick buildings
 A = 4 to 5 dB

• Wooden constructions
 A = 1 to 2 dB

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
Venue: World Trade Center
14 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2
Example

• Required Signal Strength =

Mobile sensitivity+Rayleigh fading margin+Interference margin
+ Body Loss
-102+3+2+5= -92 dBm

• Indoor Design Threshold =

Required Signal Strength+ Outdoor & Indoor lognormal fading
margin + Building Penetration loss + HO Margin
-92+9.9+18+2=-62.1 dBm
This value is for dense urban with 95% probability of coverage

The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (MobiNil)

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Presentation Title: ALO Business Case
Date & Time: July 02 8:00a.m. – 10:00a.m.
Venue: World Trade Center
15 Version: Marketing, Draft V2.2