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Water Production and Disposal
Water Production and Disposal
Water Production and Disposal
Max min max Min Max Min Max min max min
(mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L)
Na 861.0 112.0 800.0 110.00 2673. 1976. 5939. 3674. 3100. 570.0
Ca 128.00 2.70 69.00 5.90 1839.00 13.20 118.70 6.50 100.00 2.50
Mg 23.50 0.20 46.00 1.60 7.77 0.00 39.00 2.88 34.00 1.10
As 0.0022 <0.0002 0.0026 <0.0002 0.11 0.00
Fe 0.16 <0.01 4.90 0.20 1.50 0.05
K 8.90 2.00 18.00 3.80 6.00 2.00
HCO3- 1720.00 384.00 6612.00 5250.00 14701.00 6083.00 1120.00 670.00
Cl- 229.00 0.50 64.00 5.20 600.00 4.00 2499.00 668.00 4200.00 450.00
SO42- 1320.00 1.00 17.00 0.01 135.50 8.32 166.80 0.00
Meq Na 37.45 4.87 34.80 4.78 116.27 85.95 258.34 159.82 134.85 24.79
Meq Ca 6.39 0.13 3.44 0.29 91.77 0.66 5.92 0.32 4.99 0.12
Meq Mg 1.93 0.02 3.79 0.13 0.64 0.00 3.21 0.24 2.80 0.09
SAR 18.36 17.72 18.30 10.37 17.11 149.77 120.90 301.66 68.33 75.57
TREATMENT OF PRODUCED WATER
The first treatment must be to provide oxygen to the waters collected in the
ponds using one of three methods:
I. Spraying. The surface area of the water is increased to absorb oxygen from
the air.
II. Agitating mechanically.
III. Pumping air beneath the water surface.
primary objective of produced of treatment water:
I. transfer oxygen to the water for feeding the growth of microorganisms that
degrade organic matter in the water.
II. The above three methods increase surface areas of water exposed to air to
enhance absorption of oxygen.
III. agitation is supplied to bring bacteria, oxygen, and organic matter into contact.
Bates, et al. gives the rate of oxygen transfer across the gas and liquid films of
the liquid/air interface
dC/dt = kLa(Cs − C)
WATER DISPOSAL TECHNIQUES
Water disposal techniques are:
I. Well injection if zone with sufficient permeability is available.
II. Discharge into surface stream
III. Land application
IV. Membrane separation
SCALING:
Causes of scaling:
1. Mingling of incompatible water
2. Contact time
3. Temperature change
4. Pressure drop
5. Evaporation
6. pH
7. TDS may cause scale deposition in the formation matrix, fractures, perforating, well
bore, downhole pumps, tubing, casing, flowlines and water disposal systems.