INTRODUCTION:

• Magnet: Any matter, attract some object or particle

• MPT refers to surface and subsurface up to 6 mm depth.
• Applicable only in ferromagnetic materials.
• Also called as subsurface NDT.
• First mpt equipment was developed by A.V Deforest & F.B
Doane in 1928
 PROPERTIES OF MAGNET:
• It has two poles
• One is north and other is south
• Same poles repel each other & opposite poles
attract.
 PROPERTIES OF MAGNETIC LINES OF
FORCE:
• Travels north to south, outside of the job.
• Travels south to north, inside of the job.
• Never cross each other.
 TERMINOLOGY:
• PERMIABILITY (µ)
– Ability to magnetized a material.
• FLUX:
– Number of lines of force
• Number of lines of force per unit area.
• Denoted by b, Unit is gauss.
 Magnetization force
• The force required to magnetize a material.
• It is denoted by h.
• Unit is oerstead or Newton
 RELATION BETWEEN µ,b & h

 Permeability (μ) = flux density (b)

Magnetization force (h)

µ = b/h wb/N.cm²
 Residual magnetism;
Amount of magnetic field remains in the
material after removal of external field
 Retentivity
Ability to retain a certain amount of
residual magnetism.
 Reluctance;
Resistivity of a material to magnetize.
 Co-ersive force;
The force required to remove the magnetic
property of the material.
 Susceptibility;
The metals which can be easily magnetize.
 TYPES OF METALS:

 Diamagnetic metals
 Paramagnetic metals
 Ferromagnetic metals
Above materials are classified with
respect to susceptibility of the material.
 Diamagnetic metals

 Very weak and negative susceptibility to

magnetic fields (slightly repelled)
 Slightly repelled by a magnetic field and the
material does not retain the magnetic
properties when the external field is removed
 Ex: silver, copper, gold.
 PARA MAGNETIC MATERIAL
 Small and positive susceptibility to magnetic
fields
 Slightly attracted by a magnetic field and the
material does not retain the magnetic
properties when the external field is removed
 Ex : magnesium, molybdenum, lithium, and
tantalum
 FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS
Large and positive susceptibility to an external magnetic
field
 Strong attraction to magnetic fields and are able to retain
their magnetic properties after the external field has been
removed
 strong magnetic properties due to the presence of
magnetic domains
When a magnetizing force is applied, the domains become
aligned to produce a strong magnetic field within the part
Ex: iron, cobalt, nickel

Demagnetized Magnetized
B-H CURVE (HYSTERESIS LOOP)
 PRINCIPLE OF MPT

Attraction Of Iron Particles Where The

Flux Leakage Occurs.
 LEAKAGE FIELD/ FLUX LEAKAGE:

• Magnetic lines of force that leave the part of

defect or discontinues and pass through the
air is known as leakage field
 TEST METHODS
• Pre-cleaning
• Magnetization process
• Magnetic field formation
• Application of magnetic particles
• Indications and recording
• De-magnetization
TEST METHODS
LEAKAGE FIELD
 SOURCE MAGNET

Permanent magnet

Electro magnet
 TYPES OF MAGNETIZATION
• CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION
– Head shot (direct)
– Direct induction using prods (direct)
– Central conductor technique (indirect)
• LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION
– Coil solenoid
– Yoke
• Permanent magnetic yoke
• Electromagnetic yoke
CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION
 CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION

Circular magnetic fields are produced by passing

current through the part or by placing the part in
a strong circular magnet field
 A headshot on a wet horizontal test unit and the
use of prods are several common methods of
injecting current in a part to produce a circular
magnetic field
 Placing parts on a central conductors carrying
high current is another way to produce the field
 HEAD SHOT METHOD
 The units have head and tail stocks (similar to
a lathe) with electrical contact that the part
can be clamped between.   A circular magnetic
field is produced with direct magnetization.

 The tail stock can be moved and locked into

place to accommodate parts of various
lengths.
HEAD SHOT MACHINE
HEAD SHOT
CENTRAL CONDUCTOR
CENTRAL CONDUCTOR MACHINE
MAGNETIZING CURRENT
 MAGNETIZING CURRENT

DIAMETER OF ROD HWDC CUR.REQUIREMENT

 
DIA 20 MM 600 AMPS 
DIA 25 MM 750 AMPS 
DIA 30 MM 900 AMPS 
DIA 35 MM 1050 AMPS 
DIA 40 MM 1200 AMPS 
DIA 45 MM 1350 AMPS 
DIA 50 MM 1500 AMPS 
      DIA 60 MM 1800 AMPS 
      DIA 70 MM 2100 AMPS 
.  DIA 80 MM 2400 AMPS
 
PROD METHOD
PRODS MAGNETIC FIELD
 PROD SPACING
 It should not exceed 8 inches (200mm)
 Un-rectified ac limits the prod technique to the
detection of surface discontinuities.
 HWDC is detect both surface and near surface
discontinuities effectively.
 The prod techniques generally use dry magnetic
particles due to better particle mobility.
 Wet magnetic particles are not used because of
potential electrical and flammability hazards
 PRODUCING A LONGITUDINAL
MAGNETIC FIELD
A longitudinal magnetic field
is usually established by
placing the part near the
inside or a coil’s annulus.
This produces magnetic
lines of force that are
parallel to the long axis of
the test part.
COIL METHOD/SOLENOID
 L/D RATIO

 PARTS WITH L/D RATIOS EQUAL OR GREATER THAN 4

Ampere – turns= 35,000/ (L/D)+2

 PARTS WITH L/D RATIOS LESS THAN 4 BUT NOT LESS

THAN 2
Ampere – turns= 45,000/ (L/D)
 L/D RATIO – CONTD.

 ASTM E 1444 - L/D ratio greater than

two and less than 15

 The field strength, which must be in the

range of 30 to 60 G – GUASS METER
 MAGNETIZING CURRENT
 Direct Current (DC) - flows continuously in one direction at
a constant voltage. A battery is the most common source of
direct current.
 Alternating Current (AC) - reverses in direction at a rate of
50 or 60 cycles per second. when AC is used to induce a
magnetic field in ferromagnetic materials, the magnetic
field will be limited to narrow region at the surface of the
component. This phenomenon is known as the "skin effect"
 Rectified Alternating Current - AC can be converted to
current that is very much like DC through the process of
rectification. With the use of rectifiers, the reversing AC can
be converted to a one directional current.
MAGNETIZING CURRENT – CONTD.
 MAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION
 The field strength varies from zero at the center of the component
to a maximum at the surface.
 The field strength at the surface of the conductor decreases as the
radius of the conductor increases when the current strength is held
constant. (However, a larger conductor is capable of carrying more
current.)
 The field strength outside the conductor is directly proportional to
the current strength. Inside the conductor, the field strength is
dependent on the current strength, magnetic permeability of the
material.
 The field strength outside the conductor decreases with distance
from the conductor.
MAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION –
CONTD.

The magnetic field distribution in and

The magnetic field distribution in and around a solid
around a solid conductor of a nonmagnetic
conductor of a magnetic material carrying direct current.
material carrying direct current.
MAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION
– CONTD.

The magnetic field distribution in and around a

solid conductor of a magnetic material carrying
alternating current.
MAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION
– CONTD.

The magnetic field distribution in and

around a hollow conductor of a The magnetic field distribution in and around a hollow
nonmagnetic material carrying direct conductor of a magnetic material carrying direct current.
current.
 YOKE METHOD
Permanent Magnetic Yoke
Electro Magnetic Yoke

Permanent magnets and electromagnetic yokes are

also often used to produce a longitudinal magnetic field. The
magnetic lines of force run from one pole to the other, and
the poles are positioned such that any flaws present run
normal to these lines of force.
PERMANENT MAGNET YOKE
 PERMANENT MAGNET
• It produces longitudinal field.
• Produces a fixed flux density
ELECTROMAGNETIC YOKE METHOD

YOKE LIFTING CAPACITY

4.5 Kg for AC YOKE
18.1Kg for DC YOKE
ELECTROMAGNETIC YOKE METHOD
DEFECTS
 APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC
PARTICLES
The magnetic particles application is classified
into two types as follows:

DRY METHOD

WET METHOD
– VISIBLE METHOD

– FLUORESENT METHOD
 DRY MAGNETIC PARTICLES
 Magnetic particles come in a
variety of colors (red, black, gray,
yellow and several other colors )
 A color that produces a high level
of contrast against the background
should be used
 Dry magnetic particle products are
produced to include a range of
particle sizes
The fine particles are around 50μm
in size
 DRY METHOD

Different color powder Application of dry particals

 WET MAGNETIC PARTICLES
 Wet particles are typically supplied as
visible or fluorescent
 Visible particles are viewed under normal
white light and fluorescent particles are
viewed under black light
PREPRATION OF WET PARTICLES

ASTM E-1444-01 requires concentration checks to be

performed every eight hours or at ever shift change
 To perform the check requires agitating the carrier for a
minimum of thirty minutes to ensure even particle
distribution
A pear-shaped 100 ml centrifuge tube having a stem
graduated to 0.1 ml to 0.4 ml for fluorescent particles, and
graduated to 1.5 ml. in 2.4 ml for visible particles
WET METHOD

WET VISIBLE METHOD

WET METHOD

WET FLUORESETN METHOD

 RECORDING

 PHOTOGRAPHY

 TAPE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE

 DRAWING
 DEMAGNETIZATION
Demagnetization requires. The residual
magnetic field to be removed after
completion of the test.
This process will scramble the magnetic
domains and reduce the strength of the
residual field to an acceptable level

MAGNETIZED DEMAGNETIZED
DEMAGNETIZER COIL
 MAGNETIC FIELD INDICATOR
GUASS METER OR TESLA METER

 A Gauss meter with a Hall Effect probe is commonly used

to measure the tangential field strength on the surface of
the part

 The meters measure the intensity of the field in the air

adjacent to the component when a magnetic field is applied
PIE GAGE FIELD INDICATOR
 CRANE HOOK WITH
SERVICE INDUCED CRACK

Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

 GEAR WITH
SERVICE INDUCED CRACK

Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

 DRIVE SHAFT WITH
HEAT TREATMENT INDUCED CRACKS

Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

 SPLINED SHAFT WITH
SERVICE INDUCED CRACKS

Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

 THREADED SHAFT WITH
SERVICE INDUCED CRACK

Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

 LARGE BOLT WITH
SERVICE INDUCED CRACK

Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

 CRANK SHAFT WITH
SERVICE INDUCED CRACK NEAR LUBE HOLE

Fluorescent, Wet Particle Method

LACK OF FUSION IN SMAW WELD

Indication

Visible, Dry Powder Method

TOE CRACK IN SMAW WELD

Visible, Dry Powder Method

THROAT AND TOE CRACKS IN
PARTIALLY GROUND WELD

Visible, Dry Powder Method

 CODES AND STANDARDS

 ASTM E 1444 – Standard Practice for Magnetic

Particle Testing
 ASME SEC V – ARTICLE 7
 ASME SEC VIII
 ASTM E 709 – Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle
Testing
 ASTM A275/A275M – Standard Practice for Magnetic
Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
 ADVANTAGE
• Highly portable
• Can locate discontinuities in any direction with
proper placement.
• Good sensitivity.
• Wet or dry method can be used.
• AC yokes can also serve as a demagnetizer in
some cases.
 DISADVANTAGE
• Locates defects open to surface; rather poor
on subsurface defects.
• Used for ferromagnetic materials only.
• Can provide false indications due to scale and
abrupt changes in permeability.