Wireless Communications

Lecture-22
Linear Equalizers
 Topics:
 Review of relevant concepts
 Classification of Equalization
 Linear Equalizer
 Implementation of Linear Equalizer
 Advantage and Drawback of Linear Equalizer

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• Equalization techniques can be subdivided into two general categories:
• linear equalization
• The output of the decision maker is not used in the feedback path to
adapt the equalizer.
• nonlinear equalization
• The output of the decision maker is used in the feedback path to
adapt the equalizer.
Many filter structures are used to implement linear and nonlinear equalizers
• For each structure, there are numerous algorithms used to
adapt the equalizer.
 Types and structures of equalizers

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 Most common structure:
Linear transversal equalizer (LTE)

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• made up of tapped delay lines, with the tappings spaced a
symbol period (Ts) apart.
• the transfer function can be written as a function of the
delay operator  jTs or Z-1.
• Assuming that the delay elements have unity gain and delay Ts,
of a linear
 Most common structure:
---- Linear transversal equalizer (LTE)
Two types of LTE

l finite impulse response (FIR) filter

l The simplest LTE uses only feedforw Zar d taps
1

Transfer function is a polynomial in

l has many zeroes but poles only at z = 0
Usually simply called a transversal
lfilter
l Infinite impulse response (IIR) filter
has both feedforward and feedback
l transfer function is a rational function of Z-1 with poles
taps
and zeros.
l tend to be unstable when used in channels where
strongest
thepulse arrives after an echo pulse (i.e., leading
echoes)
rarely used.
Tapped delay line filter with both feedforward and feedback taps
(IIR)
 Linear Equalizers
Transversal filter implementation (LTE)

Input

Output

This type of equalizer is the simplest. Threshold Detector

 Linear Equalizers
l current and past values of the received signal are linearly
weighted by the filter coefficient and summed to produce
the output,
If the delays and the tap gains are analog, the continuous output of
the equalizer is sampled at the symbol rate and the samples are
applied to the decision device.
Implementation is usually carried out in the digital domain where the
samples of the received signal are stored in a shift register.

l The output before decision making (threshold detection)

l The minimum MSE it can

achieve
 Linear Equalizers
Lattice filter implementation

Numerical stable, faster convergence, Complicated

 Linear Equalizers
l Two main advantages of the lattice equalizer
l numerical stability
l faster convergence

l Unique structure allows dynamic assignment of the

most effective length
l When channel is not very time dispersive Only a fraction
of the stages are used.
l channel becomes more time dispersive
Length can be increased without stopping the operation

l Drawback: more complicated than LTE

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