HYDRAULIC MACHINES (KME-201T)

UNIT-1
I YEAR (II SEM)
SESSION- 2020-2021
Lecture
By
VISHWA DEEPAK DWIVEDI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR (MED)
UNITED COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT,
PRAYAGRAJ
VISHWA DEEPAK KME-201T 1
 What is Hydraulic Machines?

• Hydraulic machines are defined as those machines

which convert either hydraulic energy (energy
possessed by water) into mechanical energy
(P.E+K.E) (which is further converted into electrical
energy) by using Generator.
• Machine which convert mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy---Pump
 What is a TURBINE???
 A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy
from a flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid and
converts it into useful work.

 A turbine is a turbo-machine with at least one moving part

called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades
attached.

 Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and

impart rotational energy to the rotor.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
The working principle is very much simple.
• When the fluid strikes the blades of the turbine, the blades are
displaced, which produces rotational energy.
• When the turbine shaft is directly coupled to an electric gene-
-rator mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.
• This electrical power is known as hydroelectric power.
 Types of Turbines

• Hydraulic Turbine (Water Turbine)

• Steam Turbine
• Gas Turbine

Although the same principles apply to all turbines, their

specific designs differ sufficiently to merit separate
descriptions.
 Classification of Water Turbines
1. According to the type of energy at inlet:
(a) Impulse Turbine (b) Reaction turbine.
2. According to the direction of flow through runner:
(a) Tangential flow (b) Radial flow
(c) Axial flow (d) mixed flow
3. According to the head at the inlet of turbine:
(a) High head (b) Medium head
(c) Low head
4. According to the specific speed of the turbine:
(a) Low specific speed (b) Medium Specific
Speed
(c) High specific speed
7
 Based On Flow Path
• Axial Flow Hydraulic Turbines: This category of Hydraulic
Turbines has the flow path of the liquid mainly parallel to the axis of
rotation. Kaplan Turbines has liquid flow mainly in axial direction.
• Radial Flow Hydraulic Turbines: Such Hydraulic Turbines has the
liquid flowing mainly in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
• Mixed Flow Hydraulic Turbines: For most of the Hydraulic
Turbines used there is a significant component of both axial and
radial flows. Such types of Hydraulic Turbines are called as Mixed
Flow Turbines. Francis Turbine is an example of mixed flow type, in
Francis Turbine water enters in radial direction and exits in axial
direction.
 Based On Pressure Change
•Impulse Turbine: The pressure of liquid does not change while
flowing through the rotor of the machine. In Impulse Turbines
pressure change occur only in the nozzles of the machine.
Example of impulse turbine: Pelton Wheel.

• Reaction Turbine: The pressure of liquid changes while it flows

through the rotor of the machine. The change in fluid velocity and
reduction in its pressure causes a reaction on the turbine blades;
this is where from the name Reaction Turbine may have been
derived.
Examples: Francis and Kaplan Turbines fall in the category of
Reaction Turbines.
 Based On Head
• High head turbine (Above 250 m) Pelton Turbine
• Medium head turbine (60 – 250 m)- Francis Turbine
• Low head turbine (Below 60 m)- Kaplan Turbine
 Based On Specific Speed
• Specific speed Ns = N √P / H5/4
• Low specific speed (8.5 – 30)- Pelton Turbine
• Medium specific speed (50 – 340)- Francis Turbine
• High specific speed (255 – 860) - Kaplan Turbine

•Based On Disposition Of Turbine Main Shaft

• Horizontal shaft
• Vertical shaft
Layout Of A Hydro Electric Power Plant
 IMPULSE TURBINE

 Impulse turbine is the one in which the available

hydraulic energy is first converted into kinetic energy
by means of efficient nozzle.
 High velocity jet issuing from the nozzle then strikes a
series of buckets fixed around the rim of wheel(runner).
 The buckets change the direction of jet without
changing its pressure.
 The resulting change in momentum sets bucket and
wheel into rotary motion and thus mechanical energy is
made available at the turbine shaft.
 REACTION TURBINE

• A Reaction Turbine is a type of turbine that develops,

Torque by reacting to the pressure or weight of a fluid
• The operation of reaction turbines is described by,
Newton's Third Law Of Motion (action and reaction are
equal and opposite).
• Reaction turbines are medium to low-head, and high-
flow rate devices.
• In a reaction turbine, forces driving the Rotor are
achieved by the reaction of an accelerating water flow in
the runner while the pressure drops.
Difference between Impulse and Reaction
Turbine
 Cross-flow Turbine
• As with a water wheel, the water is admitted at the
turbine's edge. After passing the runner, it leaves on the
opposite side.
• Going through the runner twice provides additional efficiency.
• The cross-flow turbine is a low-speed machine that is
well suited for locations with a low head but high flow.
 Reaction Turbine
• In a reaction turbine, forces driving the rotor are achieved by
the reaction of an accelerating water flow in the runner while
the pressure drops.
• In reaction turbines torque developed by reacting to the fluid's
pressure. The pressure of the fluid
changes as it passes through the
turbine rotor blades.

Types of Reaction Turbines

Kaplan Turbine

Francis

Turbine
 Kaplan Turbine
• The Kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has adjustable
blades and is used for low heads and high discharges.
• The Kaplan turbine is an inward flow reaction turbine,
which means that the working fluid changes pressure as it
moves through the turbine and gives up its energy.
 Francis Turbine
• The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine and are used for
medium head(45-400 m) and medium discharge.(10-700
m^3/s)
• The Francis turbine is a type of reaction turbine, a category of
turbine in which the working fluid comes to the turbine under
immense pressure and the energy is extracted by the turbine
blades from the working fluid.
 Kinetic Turbines
• Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow turbines,
generate electricity from the kinetic energy present in flowing
water.
• The systems may operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal
waters, or ocean currents.
• Kinetic systems utilize the water stream's natural pathway.
 Steam Turbine
• A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal
• energy from pressurized steam and uses it to
do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft.
• Steam turbines are used for the generation
of electricity in thermal power plants, such as
plants using coal fuel oil or nuclear fuel.
 Gas turbine
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is
a type of internal combustion engine.
• Gas turbines are used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical
generators or even tanks.
•
Wind Turbine
A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy
from the wind into electrical power .
• Conventional horizontal axis turbines can be divided into three
components:.
• Wind turbine used for charging batteries may be referred to as
a wind charger.