Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Language Planning
Language Planning
Language Planning
Western educated people expect that language rules are set, clear, unambiguous and enforced
Teachers of EFL complain about the differences between British and American usage
E.g. In some Elizabethan books there is no ‘correct’ spelling – it varies. As printing and education spread, the
notion of correctness became increasingly important.
- George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion is an accurate account of how changes in speech and dress permitted a
Cockney flower-girl to move into the high society from which she was otherwise barred
Prescriptivism is a development in a mass education system where successful learning of prestige speech
styles is a first step in social upward mobility. However, that doesn’t mean that speakers of non-standard
varieties are less intelligent or less inherently capable than standard speakers.
Language acquisition planning or
language education policy
Teaching the standard language, with emphasis on literacy – the first task of most
educational systems
In cases of two official languages – both are taught.
E.g. in Finland, all Finnish speakers are expected to learn Swedish and all Swedish
speakers to learn Finnish.
In Quebec, all English speakers learn French and all French speakers learn English.
In Israel, Arab children learn Hebrew, and Arabic is compulsory for Hebrew speakers.
The task of religious schools – develop literacy in the languages of the sacred texts
(Hebrew for Jews, Classical Arabic for Moslems, Sanskrit for Hindus, Old Church Slavonic
for Russian Orthodox)
Language diffusion policy or linguistic imperialism
1. Unplanned
- Political and military conquest –major causes of language spread
- trade (e.g. Swahili in Africa)
- missionary activity (sacred texts need to be translated if they are to be
understood)
2. Planned
(deliberate policy of the government or other institution to change language acquisition and
use)
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1. External – the conquered land of colonies (it can have internal diffusion too)
2. Internal (when a country decides that all its inhabitants should learn the national
language e.g. the British required English in Welsh schools, when France would not allow
Occitan, Breton or Basque in its schools, Stalin pushed for the use of higher status of
Russian in all Soviet schools etc.)
The spread of English – imperialism or hegemony?