Unit 2: Types of Planning

. Singh S.K. (n.d.). Directory of Education, Vol.2. Delhi: Commonwealth

Publishers,.
 TYPES OF PLANNING
• Macro Planning: Macro Planning deals with broad
entities having such large magnitude, aggregates,
and averages as National Income, Per Capita
Income, National Expenditure on consumption
and income; Balance of Trade and Balance of
Payment, National Population, Total Enrolment,
Enrolment Ratios, Age Structure etc.
• Thus, macro-planning deals with broad plans not
taking note of breakdowns between skills or
scheme implementation at grass root level.
National Educator Plan: Macro Plan
• The vision 2030 Jamaica Education Sector
Plan 2009- 2030 is a macro plan. The
document states that the speed at which
increasing globalization and growing
complexity in terms of economics and socio-
cultural relations, provides the context within
which the future objectives of education and
training systems must be placed (p.3).
Characteristics of the National
Education Plan:
 It focuses on National Development.
The document states that the Sector Plan for
Education is influenced by the guiding
principles in the Vision 2030 Jamaica-
National Development Plan.
Characteristics of the National
Education Plan:
It includes elements of:
Situational Analysis
SWOT Analysis
Strategic Vision and Vision Framework
(including vision, goals, Outcomes and
Indicators)
Implementation Framework
Monitoring and Evaluating Framework.
National SWOT Analysis
The SWOT Analysis presents a review and
analysis of the state of the education sector,
drawing on the analysis in the previous
sectors. Elements of the SWOT include:
1.Quality Education
2.Access and Equity
3.Policy and Legislation
National Education Plan: SWOT
Analysis
4. Infrastructure
5. Capacity and Resources
Systematic
Education Sector: Vision & Planning
Framework

The Plan is guided by a vision that describes a

future that is desirable for its stakeholders
and that can be achieved through their own
efforts within a realistic frame. Vision
Statement:
Strategic Vision &Planning
Framework
Vision Statement:
“Well-resourced, internationally recognized,
values- based system that develops critical
thinkers, life-long learners who are productive
and successful and can effectively contribute
to an improved quality of life at the personal,
national and global levels” (p.44).
Implementation Framework

Action Plan:
Sector Goals
Sector Outcomes
Sector Strategies
Sector Actions
Responsible Agents
Timeframe (p.48).
Monitoring& Evaluating
Monitoring by Institutions and Agencies:
1)Parliament
2)Economic Development Committee
3)Vision 2030 Jamaica Technical Monitoring
Committee
4)Vision 2030 Jamaica Technical Secretariat
5)Ministries Departments and Agencies
6)Thematic Working Groups
 TYPES OF PLANNING

• Micro-Planning: As against macro theory,

micro economic theory analyses consumption
and investment of households, prices of
particular goods, output, sales and purchase
decisions of individual firms and industries.
• Micro-Planning in education is at the
institution – school level, in conjunction with
the Regional EOs.
 TYPES OF PLANNING
• Decentralised Planning: Decentralization implies distribution
of administrative powers and functions among local
constituents.

• Under the decentralized planning model, all local units

prepare their plans after due consultations with their people and
analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the planning area.

• These local level plans are then coordinated and summated to

make the district plan by taking into account the availability of the
physical and financial resources.
 TYPES OF PLANNING
• Centralised Planning :

• Many times decentralization is viewed as

something opposite to centralization. In the
socialist countries, the concept of centralized
planning was practised as the central authority did
all planning. These plans were then passed on to
the grassroots for implementation.
 DIFFERENCES

• The difference between a centralized and a

decentralized system of organization is that in a
centralized structure all the decision making and
authority are focused on the top tier of
management. These few people are the ones
that dictate company policy and make all the
crucial decisions.
• A decentralized system, on the other hand,
delegates authority throughout the organization
and to all levels of management
ADVANTAGES OF CENTRALIZATION
• Advantages of centralization include an
organization’s ability to be able to keep a tight
grip on all aspects of the business/institution.
• In a smaller business/institution where
centralization is possible, there is less chance
that employees will be unaware of what is
expected and what the common goals are
because there is such a tight grip on all aspects
of the organization from management.
 ADVANTAGES OF
DECENTRALIZATION

• An advantage of decentralization is that there

tends to be faster decision making and an ability
to adapt to the demographic area of production.
It also means that lower level managers have
the opportunity to gain valuable experience and
develop more fully because there is more room
to grow.
 TYPES OF PLANNING
• Rolling Plan:
• A long-term plan that is revised regularly and
each revision is projected forward again for the
same period as the original plan. Thus, a three-
year Rolling Plan might be revised each year so
that at the end of year one the plan is revised and
fresh projections made to the end of the year four.
 TYPES OF PLANNING

• Strategic Planning: The managerial process of

developing and maintaining a viable link
between the organization’s objectives and
resources and its environmental opportunities.
• Contingency Planning: A planning technique,
which determines actions to be taken by
individuals and groups at specific places and
times if abnormal threats or opportunities
arise.
 TYPES OF PLANNING

• Manpower Planning: A generic term for those

techniques used to arrive at a specification of any
aspect of future manpower requirement,
deployment or development needs.
• Manpower planning has been an important
feature of centralized planning in many countries.
 TYPES OF PLANNING
• Process Planning: Determining how the product
or part should be manufactured by referring to the
component and assembly drawings and
• drafting an operation sequence for each
component;
• deciding the machines or hand tools to be used;
• drawing up the manufacturing layout for each
component and sub-assembly, the departments
and type of labour to perform the operations and
specifying the tools, fixtures and gauges to be
used.
 TYPES OF PLANNING

• Indicative Planning: Indicative Planning is

planning by agreement and indication of desirable
targets rather than by compulsion or decree. It is
also known as Participative Planning.
Four Types of Planning
 QUALITIES OF PRINCIPLE-
CENTRED PLANNING

Principle-centred planning allows us to be:

• flexible without losing focus.
• creative without losing concentration.
• Planning is the structure. Principle-centred
planning is the flesh.
• Planning is the idea. Principle-centred planning
is the action.
• Planning is the paper. Principle-centred
planning is the power.
PRINCIPLES OF
EFFECTIVE
PLANNING
 PLANNING PRINCIPLES
• COMPREHENSIVE-all significant options and impacts are
considered.
• EFFIICIENT-the process should not waste time or money.
• INCLUSIVE-people affected by the plan have
opportunities to be involved.
• INFORMATIVE-results are understood by stakeholders
(people affected by decisions).
• INTERGRATED- individual, short-term decisions should
support strategic , long term goals.
• LOGICAL- each step leads to the next.
• TRANSPARENT- everybody involved understands how
the process operates.
• According to Coombs (1970), “If educational
systems are to serve their students and
society well, they must now make these
changes in their inner life with dispatch:
• changes in:
• their specific objectives and priorities,
• their internal structure, content and methods,
• in the training and use of teachers,
• in the processes of teaching and learning,
• in the style and methods of governance and
management” (p. 54 ).
• “Moreover, some of the most pressing
educational needs, involving people
outside the formal educational
structure, must now be faced up to
more seriously and creative solutions
found” (p.54).
• “The whole idea of lifelong education
needs to be transformed from inspired
rhetoric to an orderly reality”(p.54).
• “The aim of education for the future
must be to:
• improve the performance of
educational systems through changes
that will make them more relevant to
the needs of their clienteles,
• more efficient in their use of available
resources, and
• a more effective force for individual
and social development” (p.54).
• “Improved performance does not
mean simply doing better what is
already being done; it means doing
things differently and doing different
things” (pp.54-55).
• Therefore there is need for change
and adaptation.
5 PRINCIPLES FOR EFFECTIVE PLANNING

Coombs, P. (1970). What is educational planning? Paris: Unesco/lIEP.

Approaches to
Educational
Planning
•Approaches
1. Intra-educational extrapolation model.
2. Demographic projection model.
3. School mapping.
4. Manpower or human resource
development approach or model.
5. Social demand approach or model.
6. Rate of return approach or model.
7. Social justice approach or model
1.Intra-educational Extrapolation model.

• Planning based on data available

• Concentration on one aspect /
programme
• Size of target, time, money
• Govt. schemes, organization of
workshop
 2.Demographic Projection Model

• Demographic development has

become a source of planning.
• Estimating the population that
future educational system is to
serve.
• Useful to take decision on new
school/college permission.
 3.School mapping.
• Micro planning.
• Geographical location of school
is considered.
• From national frame to regional
and local conditions and
constraints
4.Manpower or Human Resource
Development Approach or Model

• Planning should consider of human

resource in all fields required for
country.
• Education planning should be skill
based, expected man power.
• Based on demand supply principle.
• Need based .
5.Social Demand approach or model.

• Educational planning should

be given according to the
demand from society.
• It should be able to fulfill to
need of all level education .
• It focuses on quantitative
planning.
6.Rate of Return approach or Model

• Economics approach
• Capitalist approach.
• Cost – effectiveness/ cost-benefits
• More benefits – more investment.
• Education as an investment.
• Measurement is difficult.
• Ignoring personal satisfaction, social
development.
7.Social Justice Approach or Model
• Planning for social development.
• Constitutional goals.
• Education for deprived groups of
society like special needs
• Equal opportunity .
All approaches are
related with each
other.
In a single plan there
will be degree of all
approaches.
 DURATION BASED APPROACHES

• Short term planning

• Long term planning
 REFERENCES
• Coombs, P. (1970). What is educational planning?
Paris: Unesco/lIEP.
• Finch, F. A Concise Encyclopaedia of Management
Techniques. New Delhi: M/s Allied Publishers (P) Ltd.
• Halward. C. (1994). The five principles of planning.
Retrieved on 12/03/13 from
www.truenorthgb.com/management-tips/principles-of-
planning
• Johannsen, H. & Page, T. G.(1986). International
Dictionary of Management. London:
• Litman, T. (2013). Planning principles and practices.
Retrieved on 12/03/13 from www.
 REFERENCES
• Maxwell. J. (). Seven principles of planning.
Retrieved on 12/03/13 from
http://www.teamexpansion.org/brigguy/articles/Se
ven_Principles_of_Planning.pdf
• Page, T. G., Homas, J.B., &, Marshall, A.R.
(n.d.). International Dictionary of Education,,
London:
• Principles of planning. Retrieved on 12/03/13
from
http://dilipchandra12.huppages.com/hub/Principle
s-of-Planning
• Singh S.K. (n.d.). Directory of Education, Vol.2.
Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers.