I.

PART I
 Test sample
I. Definition
II Sampling
a. method
b. size of the specimen
 Test Requirements
 Kinds of Test
I. Description
II. Significance
 Test Specifications
 Purpose of testing
 Test procedures and computations

II PART II

LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION OF TESTS

Compacted Bituminous Pavement
Samples?

How do we get a Sample?

Equipment/Apparatus:

 Any tool suitable for removing INTACT* a

sample of the compacted pavement
1. Core Drilling Machine

 Asphalt
Core/Drilled
Core
2. Concrete cutter / power saw

Square
Sample/Sawed
Specimen
 Sampling
 Care shall be taken to avoid distortion, bending
or cracking of the specimen during and after
removal from the pavement

 Samples shall also be free from foreign materials

such as seal coat, tack coat, foundation
materials, soil, paper, foil, etc.
  Size of Specimen

 Asphalt Core/Drilled Core – 4” , full depth of the course

 Sawed Specimen/Squared sample – 6” x 6”, full depth

of the course
 TEST REQUIREMENT

Case I
 For an on-going asphalt pavement project

• At least one but not more than three (3) samples shall be
taken for each full day’s operation
 Case 2
For a completed asphalt pavement project

One (1) sample for every one hundred (100) linear

meters
per lane or fraction thereof.
 TESTS

A. Kinds

1. Thickness determination
2. Bulk Specific Gravity
3. Extraction
4. Mechanical Analysis of Extracted Aggregates
(Grading)
 TESTS
B. Significance
1. Thickness determination
- measures the thickness of the pavement
represented by the asphalt core

2. Bulk Specific Gravity/Density

- for unit weight determination
- Degree of Compaction

Pavement Density x 100

Degree of Compaction, % = -----------------------------------------
Laboratory Density
 TESTS
B. Significance

3. Extraction
- determines the amount of asphalt present in
the bituminous/asphalt mixture used

4. Grading
- determines the size distribution of the
aggregates
 SPECIFICATION

1. Thickness determination
- refer to the approved plans and
specifications of the bituminous pavement

* Deficiency not more than 5 mm

2. Bulk Specific Gravity/Density

- degree of compaction = 97%

* Deficiency not more than 2%

 SPECIFICATION

3. Extraction
- refer to the approved job mix formula

4. Grading
- refer to the approved job mix formula
 PURPOSE OF TESTING

1. Basis of acceptance of the finished pavement

Department Order No. 119 ?

 PURPOSE OF TESTING

1. Basis of acceptance of the finished pavement

Department Order No. 119

No acceptance and final payment shall

be made on completed concrete and
asphalt pavement unless core test for
thickness determination is conducted
 PURPOSE OF TESTING

2. Basis of payment
Method of Measurement

The area to be paid for shall be the number of square

meters (m2) of asphalt pavement placed, compacted
and accepted based on the THICKNESS and
DENSITIES of the cores taken.

W = l x w
where:
W = number of sq. meters (m2) of asphalt pavement
placed, compacted and accepted
l = length of the asphalt pavement, meters
w = width of the asphalt pavement, meters
 PURPOSE OF TESTING

3. Verification Purposes
* During Investigation
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS

1. THICKNESS DETERMINATION
( ASTM D 3549)

2. BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY

( AASHTO T- 166)
3. QUANTITATIVE EXTRACTION of BITUMEN from BITU-
MINOUS PAVING MIXTURES
( AASHTO T 164 )
4. GRADING/MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTED
AGGREGATES
( AASHTO T 30)
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
1. THICKNESS
Apparatus: Vernier Caliper

1. Using the caliper, measure the thickness of the specimen or layer to the
nearest 0.10 cm.
2. Make four (4) measurements at approximately quarter points on the periphery
of the core.
3. Record the average of these measurements as the thickness of the specimen.
t1 + t2 + t3 + t4
Thickness, (average) = ----------------------------- = ______ cm.
4
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
2. BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Apparatus: Specific Gravity Balance

a. Record the mass of the b.Immerse the specimen in

specimen in air water at 250C for 3 to 5
mins.,then record the mass.
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
2. BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY

c. Surface dry the specimen by blotting with a damp towel/cloth.Record the

mass of the specimen at SSD condition.
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS

2. BULK SPECIFIC GRAVITY

Formula:
mass of the dry specimen in air, in grams
Bulk Sp. Gravity, Gmb = ------------------------------------------------------
mass of the saturated surface-dry specimen in air, in grams

- mass of the specimen in water, in grams

Gmb = mass in air

mass @ ssd condition – mass in water
 1. EXTRACTION
ratus/Material: Extraction machine, oven, pans,filter rings,graduated
cylinder, solvent(gasoline)

Extraction machine( centrifuge).

 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
3. EXTRACTION

b. Mix the sample thoroughly,

a. Place the sample in a pan and before taking a representative
heat/warm in an oven (90-110 sample.
C) until it can be handled or
mixed.
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS

3. EXTRACTION Size of sample:

Nominal Maximum Minimum
aggregate size mass of sample
am. in. Kg.
4.74 #4 0.5
9.5 3/8 1.0
12.5 ½ 1.5
19 ¾ 2.0

c. Measure the required 25 1 2.5

representative mass of the 37.5 1½ 4
sample.
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS

3. EXTRACTION

d. Place the sample in the bowl of the extraction machine.

 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
3. EXTRACTION

e. Cover the sample with the f. Determine the mass of the

solvent (gasoline). filter ring to be used.
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
3. EXTRACTION

g. Fit the filter ring around the h. Clamp the cover on the bowl
edge of the bowl. tightly.
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
3. EXTRACTION

i. Place a container under the drain to collect the solvent. Start the
centrifuge revolving slowly and gradually increase the speed to a
maximum of 3600 RPM until the solvent ceases to flow from the
drain. Allow the machine to stop, add 200 ml (or more as appropriate
for mass of sample) solvent and repeat the procedure at least three (3)
times.
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
3. EXTRACTION

j. After the completion of the k. Dry the aggregates together with

process transfer the aggregates the filter ring to constant mass in
from the bowl to a clean pan. an oven at 110  50C.
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
3. EXTRACTION

l. Cool the aggregates and the filter ring and determine their mass,
respectively.
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS

3. EXTRACTION

Formula:
W1 - (W2 + W3)
Asphalt Content, % = ------------------------------- x 100
by mass of dry aggregates W 2 + W3

where:
W1 = mass of sample, grams
W2 = mass of extracted aggregates, grams
W3 = increase in mass of filter ring, grams
 1. Original mass of sample------------ 1000 grams
 2. Mass of sample after extraction --- 948 grams
 3. Bitumen extracted (1) – (2) -------- 52 grams
 4. Bitumen Content , % by mass of
aggregates 3/2 x 100 --------------- 5.5
or
Bitumen Content, % by mass of mix, 3/1---5.2
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
4. GRADING/MECH’L ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTED AGG.
Apparatus-set of sieves, balance, oven

a. The test sample (aggregates from extraction b. The contents of the container shall be
test) after determining its mass shall be agitated/stirred vigorously
placed in a container & covered with water.
Add a sufficient amount of wetting or
disbursing agent such as calgon or soap
which will promote the separation of fine
material
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
4. GRADING/MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTED
AGGREGATES

c. The wash water shall be poured over a

0.075 mm wash sieve and the
operation shall be repeated until the
washwater is clear. All material
retained on the sieve shall be returned
to the container.
d.The washed aggregates in the
container shall be dried to constant
mass at a temperature of 110  50C.
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
4. GRADING/MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTED
AGGREGATES

e. The aggregate shall be sieved over
sieves of the various sizes required by
the specification covering the mixture,
including the 0.075 mm sieve.
f.. The mass of material passing each
sieve and retained on the next and the
amount passing the 0.075mm sieve
shall be recorded. Compute & report
percent (%) passing on each sieve.
 GRADING WORKSHEET
Mass of sample after extraction test – ---- grams
Mass of sample after washing and oven drying ----- grams
Sieve Size, in. Wt. Retained Wt. Passing % Passing SPEC’S
¾”
½”
3/8”
No. 4
No. 8
No. 16
No. 30
No. 50
No. 200
Mineral filler
SPEC’S – refer to the approved job mix formula
 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
Example: Job-Mix Formula: READYCON Trading

GRADING: Based on Grading E Item 310 DPWH Standard

Spec’s for Bridges, Highways and Airports,2004
Sieve Size Cumulative, % Passing
½” 100
3/8” 98
No. 4 82
No. 8 64
No. 16 40
No. 30 26
No. 50 15
No. 200 5

Asphalt Content: % By Mass of Mix = 5.2

 TESTS ON COMPACTED BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT
SPECIMENS
Example: Evaluation of a Job-Mix Formula
Applying DPWH Grading Spec’s
Sieve Size %, Passing
Tolerances SPEC’S,Gr E to Adopt
½” 100 - 100
3/8” 98 - 95 – 100
No. 4 82 - 75 – 90
No. 8 64 - 62 – 82
No. 16 40 - 38 – 58
No. 30 26 - 22 – 42
No. 50 15 - 11 – 28
No. 200 5 - 2 - 10
Ranges of Tolerances:
Passing No. 4 and larger Sieves –  7%
Passing No. 8 to No. 100 Sieves -  4%
Passing No. 200 Sieve -  2%
Bituminous Material -  0.4%
 100

90
DPWH LIMIT
80 MPWH LIMIT
SIZE

JOB MIX
70 JOB MIX LIMITS
JOB MIX LIMITS
% PASSING SIEVE

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
SIEVE SIZE (mm)