We know that when we calculate internal energy under constant volume.

Then,
U = q as W = 0.
But if we calculate U under constant pressure, then
Up = qp +wp
(U2 – U1) = qp - P
(U2 – U1) = qp - P (V2 – V1)
(U2 + PV2) – (U1 + PV1) = q=
H 2 – H 1 = qp where H = U + P

This H is the Enthalpy, and is heat transferred at constant pressure.

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THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATIONS
The balanced chemical equation with some thermodynamic term added to it
particularly it’s the enthalpy ()
General equation is , A + B C = some value
MEASUREMENT OF MEASUREMENT OF
It is done in a bomb calorimeter. It is done in a calorimeter.
U is calculated in constant volume. is calculated in constant pressure.
So, U = qv = cv So, = qp = cp
ENTHALPY CHANGE OF A REACTION
The symbol is
= sum of enthalpies of products – sum of enthalpies of reactants

Standard enthalpy of a reaction is the enthalpy change for a reaction when

all the participating substances are in their standard states. The standard
state of a substance at specified temperature is in its pure form at 1 bar
pressure and 298K temperature. It is represented by V

ENTHALPY OF FORMATION : It is the enthalpy change, when 1 mole of

compound is formed from its constituent elements.
ENTHALPY OF COMBUSTION : It is the enthalpy change, when 1 mole of
substance undergoes complete combustion in excess of oxygen.
EHTHALPY DURING PHASE CHANGE:
• Enthalpy of fusion
• Enthalpy of vaporisation
• Enthalpy of sublimation

BOND ENTHALPY:
Energy required to break a bond or energy required to form a bond.
• Bond dissociation enthalpy (for diatomic molecules)
• Mean bond enthalpy (for polyatomic molecules)

LATTICE ENTHALPY:
It is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of ionic compound dissociates
into its ions in gaseous states.