This system and surroundings is separated by some BOUNDARY.

These boundary can be * real or imaginary.

* rigid or flexible
* diathermic (conducting) or adiabatic (insulating, q = 0)
The exchange of energy can take place in the form of heat or work.

If we think of a system with piston attached to it, but made up of insulating material. If the piston moves up
or down that means some work is done that means either energy is given out or taken in. So this is an
example of Closed system.
• Any kind of energy falls
under Extensive properties,
like heat, work, enthalpy,
entropy, etc.
• If any two Extensive
properties gets divided then
the resultant property will be
Intensive like Molarity (any
concentration terms), Molar
enthalpy, etc.
Examples of state variables are :
• Pressure
• Volume
• Temperature
• No. of moles
• Enthalpy
• Entropy
• Internal energy
• Gibb’s Free Energy
Whereas, Heat and Work are known as path function as they depend on the path
of how the system was brought to that state.

For any cyclic process the state functions are always zero.