SS1 TOURISM FIRST TERM

SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPIC
1. Introduction to tourism
2. History of tourism
3. Types and forms of tourism
4. Component of tourism
5. Multidisciplinary linkages in tourism
6. Tourist products and attractions
7. Tourism statistics
 Introduction to tourism
• Tourism is concerned with pleasure, holidays, travel and going or
arriving somewhere. These are motivations that make people leave their
normal places of work residences for short term tourism visits to other
places.
• Tourism is concerned with consuming goods and services. For example,
you need a means of transport, some form of accommodation and so
on. However the only reason for the consumption of such services and
goods is that we have a pleasurable experience or that we enjoy
ourselves. Aside of the enjoyment these goods and services are different
from what we typically consume everyday.
• Tourism is related to other subjects such as Geography, Economics,
History, languages , psychology, marketing, business. Tourism is a
complex field of study because it includes variety of discipliness which
are either directly or indirectly related to the understanding of tourism.
 The meaning of tourism
• Tourism involves the movement of people. That
movement might either be within their own countries
which is called domestic tourism or to and from other
countries which is called international tourism
• In either case, the movement involve travelling by
different means, some of which are road, rail, water, and
air, over long or short distances.
• Tourism is the temporary short term movement of the
people to destination outside the places where they
normal live and work, and activities during the stay at
those destinations; it includes movement for all purposes,
as well as day visits and excursions
 HISTORY OF TOURISM
1. ROMAN EMPIRE PERIOD: During the roman empire period from 27BC to
AD476, travel was developed for military, trade and political reasons, as
well as for communication of messages from the central government to its
distance territories. Travelling was also necessary for the artisans and
architects to design and construct the great palaces and tombs. In ancient
Greece, people travelled to the Olympic games. Both the participants and
spectators required accommodation and food services.
Wealthy romans, in ancient times, traveled to seaside resorts in Greece and
Egypt for sightseeing purpose.
2. MIDDLE AGE PERIOD
During the middle age period from AD500 to 1400, there was a growth in
travelling for religious reasons.
It became an organized phenomenon for pilgrims to visit their holyland,
such as Muslims to Mecca, and Christians to Jerusalem and Rome
3. 16 TH CENTURY: In the 16th century, the growth in England’s trade and
commerce led to the rise of a new type of tourists, they were those that
travelled to broaden their own experience and knowledge.
4. 17Th CENTURY: In the 17th century, the sons and daughters of the British
aristocracy travelled throughout Europe such as Italy, Germany and France for
periods of time. The travel was usually 2 or 3 years, to improve their
knowledge. This was known as the grand tour, which became a necessary part
of the training of future administrators and political` leaders.
5. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PERIOD: The Industrial revolution from about
AD1750-1850, in Europe created the base for mass tourism. This period
turned most people away from basic agriculture into the town, factory and
urban way of life.
As a result, there was a rapid growth of the wealth and education level of the
middle age class, as well as increase of leisure time and a demand for holiday
tourism activities . At that time , travel for health became became important
when the rich and fashionable Europeans began to visit Spa towns such as
Bath in England and Baden-Baden in Germany) and sea side resorts in England
6. In the 19th to 20th centuries, the social and technological changes had an
immense impact on tourism. Great advances in science and real and
technology made possible the invention of rapid, safe and relatively cheap
forms of transport: the railways were invented in the 19 th century and the
passenger aircraft in the 20th century. World war II (AD 1939-1945) was
also the impetus for dramatic improvements in communication and air
transportation, which made travelling easier than in earlier times.
7. 1980s
The 1980s were called the boom years . Business and leisure travel
expanded very rapidly. The larger than expected generation born shortly
after world war II were coming of age and had the money to spend. These
travelers were looking for variety of travel products from existing vacation
options such as adventure travel , ecotourism and luxurious travel. The
fall of Berlin Wall in Germany in 1989 signified the doom of communism in
Europe. Countries such as Russia and Czech Republic became new tourist
destinations both for vacation and business travelers
8. 1990s
The aviation was facing high operational costs, including wage, oil prices,
handling fee of central reservation system CRS, landing charge of the
aircrafts and advertising fee, etc. During this decade, CRS also marched
towards more sophisticated technology. It became possible for agents to
book a huge inventory of travel products, such as hotels, car rentals,
cruises, rail passes, and theatre tickets from the CRS.
The introduction of ticketless travelling (electronic ticket) brings benefits to
the airlines by cutting the amount of paper work and cost of tickets. At the
same time, passengers do not have to worry about carrying losing tickets.
Travelers can now log on to the internet easily to get travel information and
book a simple ticket or hotel room through their personal computer at
home . There are thousands of new destinations , tour products and
discounted airfares for travelers and tourists to choose from.
 forms OF TOURISM
1. Business tourism
2. Leisure tourism
3. Medical tourism
4. Adventure tourism
5. Heritage tourism
6. Wellness tourism
7. Eco tourism
8. Rural tourism
9. Wildlife tourism
1. Business tourism: individuals travel for meetings, exhibitions, events
for the purpose of business
2. Leisure tourism: travelling to a new environment to relax and enjoy
oneself by partaking in activities, visiting beaches, watching sporting
activities
3. Medical tourism: Travel of people to another country for the purpose
of obtaining medical treatment
4. Adventure tourism: Travel to remote areas to expect the unexpected.
Mountaineering expeditions, trekking, jumping, rafting and rock
climbing
5. Heritage tourism: Traveling to experience the places, artifacts and
activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the
past
6. Wellness tourism: Travelling across the boarder seeking to improve or
maintain health and quality of life
ECO TOURISM: Visiting fragile, pristine and relatively understand natural areas.
Rural tourism: visit to rural areas for the purpose of participating or experiencing
activities, events or attractions not readily available in urbanized settings
Wildlife Tourism: Travelling to watch wild animals in their natural habitat.
 assignment
• Write briefly on the father of tourism and travel.
 TYPES OF TOURISM
1. Local tourism
2. International tourism
 COMPONENTS OF TOURISM
1. ATTRACTIONS: An attraction is a destination that pulls or entices a person. In
general, tourist attractions can be categorized into two types: natural
attractions and Man made attractions. Attraction, either physical or cultural is
the main pull factor of tourist flow. Without these attractions, there would be
no need for other tourist services. Attraction is a pull factor which entices
travelers to a destination.
2. Accessibility : From a geographical point of view, a tourist destination can be
a resort, a city, an area within a country, the whole country or a larger area of
the globe. Therefore, the development and maintenance of efficient
transport is important in stimulating tourist flows between tourist generating
areas and tourist receiving areas.
3. The facilities and services (amenities):Services and facilities
such as hotels, restaurants and shops would gather around the
attractions for serving the tourists. Most of the world famous
destinations are developed from the major attractions
TOURIST PRODUCTS
nseparability of production and Consumption: When organizations in the tourism
try provides services to tourists, it is the exact moment that the tourists consume
services, and the two cannot be separated in term of time, For example when an
ane is in flight, the passengers are consuming flight services at the same time, when a
sells a hotel room to a guest for the night, the guest utilizes the hotel room’s
ces at the same time.
ERENTIATION: This means that the elements that make up tourist products and their
ty standards are difficult to control in a unified manner. This is because the core of
st product is to serve people even when tourism enterprise can clearly regulate
vioral standards when members of service staff are in a kind of service situation, the
riences, personal characteristics and work attitudes will all be different.
SHABILITY: Tourist products cannot be stored like physical products and prepared for
n the future. Unoccupied hotel rooms or unsold airline tickets have forever lost their
ces to be sold. For example airline companies have no way of storing up spare seats
ght time flights to be used to cope with crowded morning or afternoon flights
5. COMPLEMENTARITY: Tourism is made up of activities such as eating,
accommodation, travel, entertainment and touring. Generally, every trips
require the purchase of tourism services provided by various tourism
organizations. For example, business tourists, in addition to buying air
tickets, also have to pay for taxi transport services, meals and
refreshments, and accommodation services provided by hotels.
6. IMMOBILITY OF OWNERSHIP: This refers to the fact that it is only when
services are purchased that activities can be enjoyed or equipment can be
used. Tourists will only acquire an experience, but not the ownership of
the product. For example after flying on a plane, a tourist is transported
from one place to another after which he or she acquires nothing other
than air ticket.
 DIFFERENT SECTORS OF THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM
INDUSTRY
OMODATION: Accommodation is the temporary home for travelers. It ranges from simple sleeping
ces to deluxe suits for eating, entertainment, and sleeping.
S OF ACCOMODATION IN TOURISM
OTEL: Hotels are vital and essential parts of tourism industry. Today, hotels not only provide
commodation and meals but also offer variety of other services as per the needs of tourist or guest.
or example, many hotels offer a health club, crèche etc. as per the changing needs of the customer.
S OF HOTELS
esort hotel: Resort hotel can be considered as a destination itself. It offers a full range of services and
menities for the guests to enjoy their vacations within the property. Typical features of a resort hotel
clude restaurants, shops, sporting facilities, pools, spas, casinos, and even the private beaches.
irport hotel: Airport hotels are located in or near airports. This type of accommodation is selected by
ourist for necessity. A major feature of airport properties is convenience for early morning departure
r late evening arrivals.
iii. Bed and Breakfast(B&B): This is a guest house or private house providing a clean, attractive
accommodation and breakfast. The B&B offers a home like atmosphere. The owner of the B&B usually
lives on the premises and provides all necessary labor. Community breakfasts with other lodgers and
hosts enhance this atmosphere
2. INTERNATIONAL OR STAR CATEGORY HOTEL: They are the modern western style hotels, found mostly in
metro cities and at major tourist destinations. They are located at prime locations in the city. These
hotels are classified on the internationally accepted star grading from five stars to one star. The grading
is given depending on the facilities and the services which the hotel provides. The facilities that are
provided by the five star are an information desk, conference centre, travel desk, multi cuisine
restaurants, banquet halls, room service, swimming pool, gymnasium, health clubs, shopping arcades,
beauty parlors, entertainment or cultural programmed.
3. MOTELS: They are located on highways and express ways. The tourist who are on transient mode and
cost conscious prefer to stay in these kinds of accommodation. These motels not only provide parking
space but also certain amenities such as television, restaurants, swimming pool etc.
4. Floating hotels: These types of hotels are located on the surface of water which
may be the sea, river or lake water. These hotels have facilities which are
similar to a regular hotel.
5. Heritage hotels: These are the old properties like castles, forts, palaces, etc
belonging to royal which have been renovated and converted into hotels. Here
tourists enjoy the majestic grandeur and splendor of the olden days.
6. Resorts: These cater for the tourists who look for rest, relaxation and
recreation. They are located mostly at the sea side, hill stations, wild life
sanctuaries etc. Apart from facilities provided by hotels, resorts provide
additional facilities to guest for recreation and relaxation which includes indoor
and outdoor games, gambling, spa etc.
 TOURISM STATISTICS
Statistics is the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation, and presentation of data.
Also, it deals with prediction and forecasting based on data. Also, it deals with prediction
and forecasting based on data.
Data refers to a collection of facts usually collected as the result of experience, observation or
experiment.
Tourism statistics can be defined as the collection, analysis and interpretation of all data
related to tourism.
THE NEED FOR TOURISM STATISTICS
1. Designing marketing strategies
2. Strengthening inter-institutional relations
3. Evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of management decisions
4. Measuring tourism throughout the national economy
 DATA COLLECTION
Data means quantitative information providing facts in an aggregate
manner. The information could be on anything that can be given
numerically and useful for decision making . It is also called statistical data
or simply statistics.
TYPES OF DATA
On the basis of the source of collection, data may be classified as: I. Primary
data ii. Secondary data
1. PRIMARY DATA: The data which are originally collected fort then first time
for the purpose of a survey is called the primary data. For example, facts
or data collected regarding the habit of taking tea or coffee in a village by
an investigator.
 METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA
1. DIRECT PERSONAL INVESTIGATION: Under this method, the investigator collects the data
personally from the respondent. The person who collects the information is called the
investigator and the person who gives the responses or answers to the questions asked by the
investigator is called a respondent. The data collected in this manner are therefore most
reliable. However, there is a chance that the results are influenced by the personal bias and
prejudice of the investigator.
2. INDIRECT INVESTIGATION: Under this method, the investigators obtain information indirectly
from a third person who is expected to know facts about the person about whom the enquiry
is done. It is generally used by the commission appointed by the government.
3. THROUGH CORRESPONDENT: Under this method correspondents or agents are appointed by
the investigator to obtain data from various places. The correspondents are required to collect
and pass the information to the investigator or the central office. This method is widely used
by newspaper offices
4. By mailed questionnaire: Under this method, a well structured
questionnaire is prepared and mailed through to the
respondents after filling up the questionnaire sends it back
within the given time.
Through Schedules: Under this method, the field workers are
asked to go to the respondents with questions contained in the
schedule. They collect the answer in their own handwriting and
provide the data to the investigator. This method is useful when
the respondents are literate
 SECONDARY DATA
When we use the data, which have already been collected by
others, the data are called secondary data. This data is said to
be primary for the agency which collects it first, and it become
secondary for all other users.
SOURCES OF SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data may exist in the form of published or
unpublished form. In its published form secondary data may be
obtained from:
a. Published reports of news papers and periodicals
b. Publications from trade associations
c. Financial data reported in annual reports
d. Information from official publications
e. Publication of international bodies such as UNO, World Bank
In its published form, secondary data may exists as
f. International reports of the government departments
g. Records maintained by the institutions
h. Research reports prepared by students in the universities
 KEY TOURISM STATISTICS
1. VISITOR CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE: VCE is the basic
component of total tourism demand. It is denied as the total
consumption expenditure made by a visitor or on behalf of a visitor
for and during his/her trip and stay at a destination.
The concept of visitor consumption expenditure encompasses a wide
variety of items, ranging from the purchase of goods and services
inherent in travel and stays to the purchase of small durable goods
for personal use, souvenirs and gifts for family and friends. VCE can
be broken down according to the following main categories:
- Package travel (package holidays and package tour)
- Accommodation
- Food and drinks
- Transport
- Recreation, culture and sporting activities
- Shopping
1. Travel balance of payment(TBOP): In general, the balance of
payment (BOP) is the balance of all related monetary and
physical transactions (goods and services) between countries.
It is traditionally done by the central banks in the countries.
 IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM STATISTICS
1. To provide relevant comprehensive, accurate and objective
statistical information about the tourism system of a country
2. Assessment tools whether tourism policies or activities are
effective, sustainable and progressing.
3. Monitoring instruments to track changes over time in a
constant and consistent manner
4. Help clarify goals
5. Foster accountability and raise awareness for action
 FESTIVALS IN NIGERIA
A festival is an event ordinarily celebrated by a community and
centering on some characteristic aspect of that community and
its religion or traditions.
A festival is a special day or period, usually in memory of a
religious event, with its own social activities, food, or
ceremonies. The following are festivals celebrated in Nigeria:
1. Argungu Fishing Festival
The Argungu Fishing Festival is an annual four-day festival in the
town of Argungu in the north-western Nigerian state of Kebbi.
It began in the year 1934, as a mark of the end of the
centuries-old hostility between the Sokoto Caliphate and the
Kebbi Kingdom. The festival is held on the Sokoto river in
February or March. Thousand of fishermen equipped only with
nets compete to catch the largest fish. Other attractions
include dance and music, sporting competitions and exhibits of
arts and crafts. People from various parts of the world come to
see or look at this festival.
2. Calabar Carnival
• The Calabar Carnival has been held in Calabar since 2006, including band
competitions, a parade, food and dancing. It has been called Nigeria's
biggest street party. The carnival may have as many as 50,000 costumed
participants and 2 million spectators, and is broadcast on television
across the country. It is the culmination of the month-long Calabar
festival.
• The Calabar Carnival holds at the end of the year in Nigeria, and in
keeping with tradition, carnival teams march across the streets where
they engage in colorful displays and competitions from which winners
are selected and awarded. Participating teams usually rehearse for
months in advance before the carnival date itself.
3. Eyo festival: The Eyo Festival is held in Lagos, Nigeria. It is
usually performed in Lagos Island. Eyo also refers to the
masquerades that come out during the festival. It is widely
believed that Eyo is the forerunner of the modern day carnival
in Brazil.No one is to wear hats during the festival
4. Sharo / Shadi Festival:
The Sharo or Shadi flogging competition is a traditional rite of passage for
Jafun Fulani men. The youths, escorted by girls, are led into the ring of
spectators bare chested and armed with whips. As the noise of singing,
drumming and cheering rises to a crescendo, each young man must
stoically endure a flogging to demonstrate his manhood. The young man
only qualifies to marry if he passes the test, which is administered by
another youth of about the same age and size. Most do pass, but carry
scars from the ordeal for the rest of their life. The sharo is generally staged
at the time of the dry-season guinea corn harvest, and again during the
festival of Id-el-kabir. Usually it lasts for a week and is held in a marketplace.
There are other tyes of entertainment including dances, musical
performances and tricksters, but the flogging ceremony is the main event.
m Festivals
Festivals are popular holiday in Ghana and Nigeria, usually held in the beginning
August at the end of the rainy season. It is named after yams, the most
mmon food in many African countries. In Nigeria, dancers wear masks that
ect the seasons or other aspects of nature. People offer yams to gods and
cestors before distributing them to the villagers to give thanks to the spirits
ove them. Leboku is the name for the annual New Yam Festival celebrated in
ep, Nigeria, one of the five settlements of Yakurr, to honor of the earth goddess
d the ancestral spirits of the land. The Iriji-Mmanwu festival is held in
ugu state in August. At the festival, over two thousand masqueraders from
oss Igboland and from other states in Nigeria dance and give acrobatic displays,
aring unique and colorful costumes. In the Igbo tradition, masquerades are
ught to be reincarnated dead ancestors, with supernatural powers.
6. Osun festival:The Osun Festival is held at the end of the rainy
season, usually in August, at the Oshogbo Sacred Forest. The
week-long festival is held in honor of the river goddess Osun, an
important Yoruba deity, and is attended by thousands of people.
It includes ceremonies where priests seek protection for their
local communities through gifts and sacrifices to the goddess.
7.
Sango festival
Sango Festival, also known as World Sango Festival is usually held
in August at the palace of the Alaafin of Oyo. The festival which is
observed in over forty countries in the world is held in honor of
Sango, the thunder and fire deity.