012 Sensors and Transducers

ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
MECHATRONICS
By
Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty
Dept of Mechanical Engineering
Aditya Engineering College(A)
Surampalem.
Aditya Engineering College (A)
Sensor:
A device which detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or
otherwise responds to it.
Transducer:
A transducer is a device which converts the energy from one form to another with
out change in the input data.
• Every sensor will act as a transducer but every transducer will not act as a sensor,
so that all sensors are also called as transducers.
• The word “Transducer” is the collective term used for both
Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Classification of transducers :
a. Broadly classified into two types.
1. Active transducers: develop their own voltage and current.

Ex: Thermocouple, piezoelectric pick-up, photovoltaic cell
2. Passive transducers: externally powered transducers.

Ex: resistance thermometer, potentiometric device and differential transformer.
b. Based on output data:
1. Analogue transducer: analogous output which is a continuous function of time.

Ex: strain gauge, thermocouple, LVDT.

2. Digital transducers: electrical output which may be in form of pulse.
c. Based on electrical principle involved:
1. Variable –resistance type

Strain and pressure gauge
Thermistors, resistance thermometer
Photoconductive cells
2. Variable-inductance type
LVDT
Reluctance pick-up
Eddy current guage

3. Variable-capacitance type:
Capacitor microphone
Pressure gauge
Dielectric gauge
4. Voltage generating type:

Thermocouple
Photovoltaic cell
Rotational motion tachometer
Piezoelectric pick-up
5. Voltage divider type:

Potentiometer position sensor.
Pressure actuated voltage divider

Performance terminology:
• Static characteristics
– Static characteristics of an instrument are the parameters which are more or less
constant or varying very slowly with time.
• Dynamic characteristics
– Sensors and actuators respond to inputs that change with time. Dynamic
characteristics of an instrument are the parameters which are varying with time.

Static characteristics
• Range –The range is expressed by standing the lower and upper values.
• Span : Span represents the algebraic difference between the upper and lower range
values of the instruments.
Ex: -
Range - 10 Co to 80 Co Span=90oc
Range 5 bar to 100 bar Span=100-5=95 bar
Range 0 v to 75v Span=75volts
• Error : measured value – true input value
• Accuracy : the quality or state of being correct or precise.

• Sensitivity: it is defined as the change in output per change in input
• Hysteresis: it is defined as the maximum difference in output for a given input when
this value is approached from the opposite direction.

• Linearity: it is refer to the output that is directly proportional to input over its
entire range.
• Repeatability: it is defined as the ability of the sensor to give same output reading
when the same input value is applied repeatedly under the same operating
conditions.
• Reproducibility: it is defined as the degree of closeness among the repeated

measurements of the output for the same value of input under the same operating
conditions at different times.

• Stability : it means the ability of the sensor to indicate the same output over a
period of time for a constant input.
• Dead time: it is the time taken by the sensor from the application of input to begin
its response and change.
• Resolution: it is defined as the smallest change that can be detected by a sensor.
Dynamic characteristics
• Response time
• Time constant
• Rise time
• Setting time

Displacement sensor:
A Displacement Sensor is a device that measures the distance between the sensor and

an object by detecting the amount of displacement through a variety of elements and
converting it into a distance.
• Potentiometer sensor
• Strain gauge sensor
• Capacitive sensor
• Inductive sensors (LVDT)



Strain gauge Displacement sensor: A strain gauge type transducer converts physical

quantity such as load, pressure or displacement into mechanical strain on
the strain generating body (elastic body), and the mechanical strain is converted into
electrical output using strain gauges mounted on the elastic body.
Strain gauge with Wheatstone bridge circuit




LVDT:
The linear variable-differential transformer (LVDT) is the most widely used inductive
transducer to translate linear motion into electrical signal.


Temperature sensors:Temperature may be defined as the degree of hotness and

coldness of a body are an environmental measured on a definite scale.
• Bimetallic strips
• Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)
• Thermistors
• Thermocouples
• Thermo diodes and transistors

Bimetallic strips:


Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)

Thermistors
• Bead type have platinum wire sintered into a ceramic body (bead)
• Metalized surface contact thermistors are called chips or flakes


Thermo couples:

Position sensors
• potentiometer
• Capacitive sensor
• Inductive sensor
• Hall effect sensors
• Photoelectric sensor
• Optical encoder

Hall effect sensors:
A Hall effect sensor is a device that is

used to measure the magnitude of a
magnetic field. Its output voltage is
directly proportional to the magnetic
field strength through it.
• Hall effect sensors are used for

proximity sensing, positioning, speed
detection, and current
sensing applications

Hall effect Sensor

Fluid level Hall effect Sensor

Light sensors
• Photo resistors
• Photodiode
• Phototransistors

Photodiode:

Phototransistor light detector circuit

Pressure:
The action of force against some opposite force.
OR

A force in the nature of thrust distributed over a surface.

OR

The force acting against a surface within a closed container.


• Gravitational transducer.
• A dead weight tester.
• Manometer.
• Electrical transducers.
• Bourdon tube pressure gauges.
• Elastic diaphragm pressure.
• Bellows gauges.
• Strain gauge pressure cells.
• Pinched tubes.
• Cylindrical tube pressure cell.
• McLeod gauge.
• Thermal conductivity gauges.
• Thermocouple gauge
• Pirani gauge
• Ionization gauge.
• Electrical resistance pressure gauge.
Bourdon tube pressure gauges.


Diaphragm gauges


Thermocouple gauge:

Measurement of Liquid Level:

Level measurements are made to a certain quantity of the liquid held with in a
container.
Direct methods Indirect methods:
This is the simplest method of Indirect methods liquid level measurements
measuring liquid level. In this method, converts the changes in liquid level into
the level of liquid is measured directly some other form
by means of the following level
indicators: • Capacitive liquid level sensor
• Hook-type Level Indicator • Ultrasonic method
• Sight Glass • Magnetic type level indicators
• Float-type • Cryogenic fuel level indicator
• Float and shaft liquid level gauge. • Bubbler level indicator

Sight Glass:

Float-type

Ultrasonic method

Magnetic type level indicators:

Liquid flow • Obstruction meters.

Orifice
Nozzle
Venture
Variable-area meters.
• Velocity probes.
Static pressure probes.
Total pressure probes.
• Special methods.
Turbine type meters.
Magnetic flow meters.
Hot wire anemometer.
• Flow visualization methods.
Shadow grapy.
Interferometry.
Rota meter

Turbine flow meter:

Hot wire anemometer.

• Depending on the associated electronic equipment, the hot wire may be operated in
two modes:
Constant current mode: - Constant temperature mode: -

Ultrasonic flow meter:-

Measurement of acceleration:

There are two types of accelerometers generally used for measurement of acceleration:

(i) Piezoelectric type
(ii) seismic type.
Piezoelectric type
Seismic type.

Force Measurement : Force represents the mechanical quantity which changes or tends
to change the relative motion or shape of the body on which it acts. Force is vector
quantity specified completely by its magnitude, point of application, line of action and
direction.
• Scales and balances

• Proving (stress) ring
• Mechanical load cells
Hydraulic load cell
pneumatic load cell
Strain gauge load cell

Hydraulic load cell

Strain gauge load cell:

Torque is the measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis.
• Mechanical torsion meter:

• Optical torsion meter:
• Electrical torsion meter:
• Strain- gauge torsion meter:

Optical torsion meter

Strain- gauge torsion meter:

Speed:
Speed is a rate variable defined as the time-rate of motion.
Mechanical tachometers: Contactless electrical tachometers

Revolution counter and timer Inductive pick-up tachometer
Tachoscope Capacitive type pick-up tachometer
Hand speed indicator Photo-electric tachometer
Slipping clutch tachometer Stroboscope
Centrifugal force tachometers
Vibrating reed tachometer
Electrical tachometers:
Drug cup tachometer
Commutated capacitor tachometer
Tachogenerators

Centrifugal force tachometers

Tachogenerators:

Inductive pick-up tachometer:

Proximity sensor:
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any
physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of
electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or
return signal.
• Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the
absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between the sensor and the
sensed object.
• Proximity sensors are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the
variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large
steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings.
• A proximity sensor adjusted to a very short range is often used as a touch switch.
Types of proximity sensors:
• Inductive proximity sensor

• Capacitive proximity sensor
• Photoelectric proximity sensor
• Magnetic proximity sensor


Inductive proximity sensor

Capacitive proximity sensor

012 Sensors and Transducers

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ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)

• The word “Transducer” is the collective term used for both

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

1. Active transducers: develop their own voltage and current.

2. Passive transducers: externally powered transducers.

b. Based on output data:

1. Analogue transducer: analogous output which is a continuous function of time.

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

2. Digital transducers: electrical output which may be in form of pulse.

c. Based on electrical principle involved:

1. Variable –resistance type

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

4. Voltage generating type:

5. Voltage divider type:

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Range 5 bar to 100 bar Span=100-5=95 bar

Range 0 v to 75v Span=75volts

• Error : measured value – true input value

• Accuracy : the quality or state of being correct or precise.

• Sensitivity: it is defined as the change in output per change in input

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

• Reproducibility: it is defined as the degree of closeness among the repeated

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

• Resolution: it is defined as the smallest change that can be detected by a sensor.

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

A Displacement Sensor is a device that measures the distance between the sensor and

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Strain gauge Displacement sensor: A strain gauge type transducer converts physical

Strain gauge with Wheatstone bridge circuit

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Temperature sensors:Temperature may be defined as the degree of hotness and

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs)

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

• Metalized surface contact thermistors are called chips or flakes

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Hall effect sensors:

A Hall effect sensor is a device that is

• Hall effect sensors are used for

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Hall effect Sensor

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Fluid level Hall effect Sensor

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Phototransistor light detector circuit

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Mechatronics Adduri S S M Sitaramamurty SATURDAY , SEP 5TH, 2020

Bourdon tube pressure gauges.