SHORT TERM

HYDRO-THERMAL COORDINATION

Presented By
ati
Roll no-26243
Regd. No.-0701105115

22nd MAR 2011

 Outline
1) Introduction
2) Need of Hydrothermal Scheduling
3) Classification of Hydro Plants
4) Classification of Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem
5) Solution for Short-term Scheduling Problem
6) Conclusion
7) References

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 Introduction
o Hydro-plants can be easily started and assigned load in
very short time.
o Slow response of thermal power due to boiler, super
heater, and turbine system.
o Thermal plant base load plant
o Hydro plant peak load plant

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 Need of Hydrothermal Scheduling

•The optimal scheduling problem in a hydro-thermal system stated as

to minimize the fuel cost of thermal plants under the constraint of
water availability for hydro-generation over a given period of
operation
•To maintain an optimal balance between fuel cost and water storage
level to maintain reliable and uninterrupted operation.
• To test these techniques on different problems.

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 Classification of Hydro Plants

•Classification
1. Pumped storage plants
2. Conventional plants

•Classification on the basis of location

1. Hydro plants on different streams
2. Hydro plants on the same stream
3. Multi-chain hydro plants

•Classification on the basis of Quantity of Water Available

1. Run-off- River Plants without Pondage
2. Run-off River Plants with Pondage

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 Classification of Hydrothermal Scheduling
Problem

•Long range problem

long-range scheduling is validity ranges from 1 week to 1
year or several years.
Long-term hydrothermal scheduling is used for breaking
down the long-term problem into a number of midterm (e.g.,
monthly) problems.
•Short range problem
Involves the hour-by-hour scheduling of all generation on a
system to achieve minimum production cost for the given time
period.
The load, hydraulic inflows, and unit availabilities are
assumed known.
Reservoir levels is given 22 MAR 2011
nd
Scheduling Problems

Scheduling problem consists of

•Problem characteristics.
•Problem formulation.
•Solution approach
Two-unit hydrothermal systems

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For any time period j

However, the energy available from the hydro plant is

insufficient to meet the load

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Use here the entire amount of energy from the hydro plant in
such a way that the cost of running the steam plant is minimized.
The steam-plant energy required is

i.e. (Load energy) - (Hydro energy) = (Steam energy)

It does not require the steam unit to run for the entire
interval of Tmax hours. Therefore

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Where
= run period for steam plant
Then

The scheduling problem becomes

Subject to

And the Lagrange function is

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Then

The total cost over the interval is

Where

Let the steam plant cost be expressed as

Then
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Also

Where = Optimum value of stem generated power

Then = /

And

Now we can establish the value of Ps* by minimizing FT:

Or

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Which means the unit should be operated at its maximum
efficiency point long enough to supply the energy needed, E.

If
Where fc is the fuel cost
Now the heat rate is

And the heat rate has a minimum when

Giving best efficiency at

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 Solution for Short-term Scheduling Problem

Fixed head hydro thermal scheduling

Variable head hydro thermal scheduling

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Problem Characteristics

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 Problem Formulation
Thermal Model
operating cost

fuel cost

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Hydro Model

rate of discharge

Constraints

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Classical Method

Hydrothermal system with hydraulic 22nd MAR 2011

constraints
Problem

Subject to

Let = length of jth interval

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The loads are constant in each interval. Other constraints
could be imposed, such as:

The Lagrange function is:

for a specific interval j =k,

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So

Suppose we add the network losses to the problem.

Then at each hour

And the Lagrange function becomes

With resulting coordination equations (hour k):

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 22nd MAR 2011
Flow Chart for Classical Method
Conclusion
•Hydro-thermal scheduling is done when power demand is less
than the maximum capacity of power generation by the hydro
and thermal plants. The benefit of this scheduling is to save the
cost of generation, in addition to meeting the agricultural and
irrigational requirements.
•The operating cost of thermal plant is very high, though their
capital cost is low. On the other hand the operating cost of
hydroelectric plant is low, though their capital cost is high. So it
has become economical as well convenient to have both thermal
and hydro plants in the same grid.

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 Referrences
•Kothari D.P., Dhillon J.S., “Power System Optimization”, Prentice Hall of India
Private Limited, New Delhi, 2004.
•Elgerd O.I, “Electric Energy Systems theory, An Introduction”, Tata McGraw Hill
Limited, New York, 1983.
•Grainger J.J., Stevenson W.D., “Power System Analysis”, Tata McGraw Hill
Limited, New York,2003.
•Fabrício Y. K. Takigawa, Erlon C. Finardi, Edson L. da Silva, “A Decomposition
Strategy to Solve the Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling Based on
Lagrangian Relaxation”,2005.
•Hota P.K., Barisal A.K., Chakrabarti R., “An improved PSO technique for short-
term optimal hydrothermal scheduling”,2009.
•Ramos L.M., Lora A.T., Santos J.R., “Short-term Hydro-thermal Coordination
Based on Interior Point Nonlinear Programming and Genetic Algorithms”,2001.

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THANK YOU