Chap4

Table of contents

01 Variety of
minerals 02 Reactivity series
of metals

Extraction of
metals from their
03 ores 04
 01
Variety of minerals
What is mineral?
• This photograph shows various types of ores
矿石 found in the Earth’s crust.
• Each type of ore is different in terms of colour,
structure, shape and texture
• because the ores contain different minerals.
• More than 4,000 naturally occurring
minerals

Mineralogy
• =the study of minerals
• is an active field of science because the
number and properties of minerals keep
increasing.
What is mineral?
Minerals
• Solid elements or compounds that are naturally
found in the Earth's crust with definite 定
crystalline structures and chemical compositions

• Element= made of atoms of only one kind

• Compound = made up of two or more types of

elements
 What is mineral?
Minerals in the form of elements
• exp: gold
• Non-reactive
• exist independently in the Earth's crust
• does not react chemically with other elements.

Minerals in the form of compounds

• eg: bauxite
• consist of combinations of a few types of
different elements
• will react with other elements
What is mineral?
What is mineral?
Natural Compounds are the Combination of Several
Elements
• Usually minerals compounds consist of metallic elements + non-metallic elements
• Many of them are compounds of oxygen, carbon, Sulphur and silicon

• Metal + Oxygen --->Metal oxide eg; Aluminium oxide

• Metal + Oxygen + Carbon ----> Metal carbonate eg; Calcium carbonate

• Metal +Sulphur ----> Metal sulfide eg: Ferum sulphide

• Metal +Silicon + Oxygen ----> Metal silicate

EXTRA
 02/02/2022

Reactions of metals with oxygen

When a metal reacts with oxygen it will form a METAL OXIDE. This is what
happens when a metal rusts 生锈 . We can make this reaction happen quicker by
burning the metal.

METAL + OXYGEN METAL OXIDE

complete the following reactions:

1) Magnesium + oxygen  Magnesium Oxide
2)Copper + oxygen  copper oxide
3)Calcium + oxygen  calcium oxide
4)Iron + oxygen  Iron oxide
 Reactions of metals with water
When a metal reacts with water, hydrogen is always given off. The other
product will be either a metal hydroxide or a metal oxide.

METAL + WATER METAL OXIDE + HYDROGEN

METAL + WATER METAL HYDROXIDE + HYDROGEN

complete the following reactions:

1) Sodium + water  sodium hydroxide
2)Potassium + water  potassium hydroxide
3)Calcium + water  calcium hydroxide
4)Iron + steam  Fe2O3 (corrosion of iron)
 02/02/2022

Reactions of metals with acids

When a metal reacts with an acid it gives off hydrogen (which can be “popped”
using a lit splint). The other product is a salt.

METAL + ACID SALT + HYDROGEN

e.g. magnesium + hydrochloric acid  magnesium chloride + hydrogen

complete the following reactions:

1) Calcium + hydrochloric acid  Calcium chloride + hydrogen
2)Zinc + hydrochloric acid  Zinc chloride + hydrogen
3)Iron + hydrochloric acid  Iron chloride + hydrogen
4)Lithium + sulphuric acid  lithium sulphite + hydrogen
Revision
Characteristic of
Mineral
Characteristic of minerals:

• Each mineral has its own properties  enable us to differentiate

them
1. Hardness
2. Solubility in water
3. Effect of heat

1. hardness:
• The hardness of a mineral refers to its resistance to
scratches
• A mineral can scratch a softer mineral, it can also be
scratched by a harder mineral
• It is determined by using it to scratch another mineral or
against objects such as nail, coin, fingernail
• Usually minerals are hard, diamond is the hardest
• The hardness of mineral is measured on Mohs’ scale
Characteristic of minerals:

2. Solubility of minerals in water

• = solubility in water
• Dissolve in water to form ion
• Most mineral is insoluble in water.
• Most metal oxides, sulphides and carbonates
do not dissolve in water. Except for
potassium K and sodium Na compounds
Characteristic of minerals:
3. The effect of heat on minerals
• Unstable minerals break down when heated strongly
Metal carbonate:
• Most metal carbonates are unstable and break down into metal oxide + CO2 when heated
• Except: potassium and sodium carbonate  stable, don’t breakdown when heated

Metal oxide:
• Most metal oxide are very stable minerals , don’t break down when heated
• Heating mineral oxides only will change the color
• Oxides form from non-reactive metals such as gold, silver break down when heated
Characteristic of minerals:
3. The effect of heat on minerals
• Unstable minerals break down when heated strongly

Metal sulphides:
• When unstable metal sulphides are heated, they break down into metal oxides + sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• SO2 bleaches acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution , from purple to colorless
 Test for different gas formed:
1. SO2 sulphur dioxide
Acidified Potassium manganate solution (KMnO4)
2. CO2
Limewater
3. O2
Glowing splinter
Uses of Mineral
石棉
From Silica sand / Quartz sand
 吸湿的

Magnesium carbonate reacts with

hydrochloric acid in the stomach to form
carbon dioxide and magnesium chloride
thus neutralizing excess acid in the
stomach
高岭土
 Usage of minerals
Limestone 石灰石
• a mineral that has many uses in daily life
• such as in the construction of roads and
• buildings, and for table tops.
• Is a natural compound
• made up of a combination of several elements
 calcium carbonate CaCO3
• Calcium + Carbon + Oxygen

based upon how the rock

formed, its appearance, its
composition, or its physical
properties.
Activity 4.1
Activity 4.1
 Clear cloudy

Activity 4.1 Clear cloudy

 01
Reactivity Series of Metals
The reaction of different metals has different
reactivity

In a vigorous reaction between a more In a less vigorous reaction between a less

reactive metal such as magnesium and reactive metal such as iron and oxygen, only
oxygen, a bright flame is observed as a glow or slow change in colour is observed
shown in Photograph 4.5 (a). as shown in Photograph 4.5 (b).
Constructing Reactivity Series of Metals
What is Reactivity series of metals?
• a list of metals arranged in order of their reactivity towards oxygen

• Different metals have

different reactivities
towards oxygen.
• Metals that are more
reactive towards oxygen
react more vigorously
with oxygen
 02/02/2022

Reactions of metals with oxygen

When a metal reacts with oxygen it will form a METAL OXIDE. This is what
happens when a metal rusts 生锈 . We can make this reaction happen quicker by
burning the metal.

METAL + OXYGEN METAL OXIDE

complete the following reactions:

1) Magnesium + oxygen  Magnesium Oxide
2)Copper + oxygen  copper oxide
3)Calcium + oxygen  calcium oxide
4)Iron + oxygen  Iron oxide
Please
Stop
Calling
Me
A
color
Zebra
Hence
I
tell
Lets
Call
Me
Smart
Genius
 02/02/2022

Different reactivities- Observations

• There is a flame or glow during reaction
• By observing the reaction of the metal, we can tell whether it is reactive/
unreactive
• More reactive metals:
• Bright flame
• Vigorous and rapid reaction
• Less reactive metals:
• Faint glow
• Slow reaction
Source of oxygen
• Any one of them
• To give out oxygen
Activity 4.3
 help control dust.
Position of Carbon in the Reactivity Series of Metals
• The position of a metal in the reactivity series of metals depends on the
reactivity of the metal when reacting with oxygen.
• How can the position of a non-metal such as carbon and hydrogen in the
reactivity series of metals be determined according to the reactivity of carbon
and hydrogen with oxygen?
• Exercise:
• Write the word equation for the reaction between:
• carbon and oxygen
• hydrogen and oxygen
Reduce= 还原
 Yes, bcs metal X can burn with oxygen
Burn vs glow
Metal Y is less reactive than X

X (burn)

Y (glow) Burn  brightly / normal

Glow  brightly/ normal
Z (no reaction)
 Potassium
Gold

a. Carbon and hydrogen

b. Bcs carbon and hydrogen can react with oxygen
 01
Extraction of
Metals from their
Ores
What is ore? Give me some name of it: hematite, Quartz…

If I want to get aluminum, what kind of ore should I find ?

还原
Extraction of metals
• the process to obtain metals
from their ores.
• 2 method:
• Electrolysis
• Need electricity
• More expensive
• Reduction by carbon
(most common)
• Easily find carbon
• cheap
Blast furnace
Calcium carbonate  Calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
Carbon + Carbon dioxide  carbon monoxide
reducing agent
Iron oxide + Carbon monoxide  Iron + Carbon dioxide
Removal of sand / impurities

矿渣
Iron ore = iron oxide = hematite
Coke = coal  provide carbon
Carbon reduce the metal oxide (carbon more reactive)

Dense  sink to the bottom of furnace

Limestone = calcium carbonate

Calcium silicate = slag  rubbish  throw away

1. What is the role of coke?
1. To provide carbon to reduce metal oxide
2. What is the role of limestone?
1. To form calcium oxide and CO2  form slag to separate the
impurities such as sand or silicon dioxide in iron ore from the
iron
3. Which elements extraction can use the blast furnace method?
1. Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb
Electrolysis
Reduction of iron oxide with carbon

Tin