HEALTH AND ILLNESS

Prof. Anjanette S. De Leon, MAN,

MAEd,RN
Mode
ls of
He al t
h and
Illnes
s
 Health Belief Model

2.1 Health Belief Model (Rosenstock's and Beckers Health Belief Model
 Health Belief Model
Health beliefs - are a person's ideas, convictions, and
attitudes about health and illness

• It is based on factual information or

misinformation, common sense, or myths.
influences health behavior and can positively or
negatively affect a patient's level
 Health Belief Model

Positive health behaviors are activities related to

maintaining, attaining, or regaining good health
preventing ill­ness.

(includes immunizations, proper sleep patterns,

adequate exercise, and good nutrition.)
 Health Belief Model

• Implementation is de­pendent on an individual's

awareness of how to live a healthy life and the person's
ability and willingness to carry out such behaviors in a
healthy lifestyle.
 Health Belief Model
Negative health behaviors
•include activities that are actually or potentially
harmful to health, such as smoking, drug or
alcohol abuse, poor diet, and refusal to take
necessary medications or to care for oneself.
 Health Belief Model
• First component:
• involves the individual's
perception of susceptibility to an illness.
Example:
A patient needs to recognize the familial link for
coronary artery disease. After recognizing this link, the
patient will perceive a personal risk of heart
 Health Belief Model
Second component:
• Patient's perception of the seriousness of the illness.

• Demographic and sociopsychological variables,

perceived threats of the illness, and cues to action

(e.g., mass media campaigns and advice from family,

friends, and medical professionals) all influence and
modify this perception
 Health Belief Model
Third component:
• The likelihood that the patient will take preventive
action, results from the patient's perception of the
benefits of and barriers to taking action.
• Preventive action includes lifestyle changes,
increased participation in recommended medical
therapies, or a search for medical advice or treatment
 Health Promotion Model
2.2 Health Promotion Model (Pender, Murdaugh, and
Parsons, 2002)
• Defines health as a positive, dynamic state, not merely the
absence of disease.
• Was proposed as a framework for integrating the
perspectives of nursing and behavioral science and the
factors that influence health behaviors (Pender and others,
2002).
Health Promotion Model
 Health Promotion Model
•Describes the multidimensional nature of people as they
interact within their environment to pursue health (Fender and
others, 2002).

• Focuses on the three functions of a patient's cognitive­

perceptual factors (individual perceptions), modifying factors
(demographic and social), and participation in health-
promoting behaviors (likelihood of action).
 Health Promotion Model
•Focus of this model is to explain the reasons that individuals
engage in health activities.

•Also organizes cues into a pattern to explain the likelihood of

a patient developing health promotion behaviors (Pender,
1993, 1996).
 Health Promotion Model
2.3 Holistic Health Model
Holistic health, sometimes called complementary or
alternative medicine, is generally a comprehensive view
of the person as a biopsychosocial and spiritual being
(Edelman and Mandle, 2002).
HOLISTIC HEALTH MODEL
HOLISTIC HEALTH MODEL
 HOLISTIC HEALTH MODEL
•The intent is to empower patients to engage in their
own healing process (Edelman and Mandle, 2002).
•Holistic health consists of concepts of energy, holism,
the mind-body - connection, and balance in order to
expand the definition of health.
 HOLISTIC HEALTH MODEL
•A broader definition of health is applicable to more
patients in increasingly diverse populations and will
optimize health outcomes (Saylor, 2003).

•Involves the use of a variety of techniques that in the

past the health community viewed as "experimental" or
"alternative."
 HOLISTIC HEALTH MODEL

•Most widely used holistic interventions include

aromatherapy, biofeedback, breathing exercises,
massage therapy, meditation, music therapy, relaxation
therapy, ther­apeutic touch, and guided imagery.
 HOLISTIC HEALTH MODEL

•Most holistic therapies are easy to learn and apply to almost any nursing setting
and to all stages of health and illness.

Examples:

1. Health care providers use reminiscence in the geriatric population to help relieve
anxiety for a patient dealing with memory loss or meditation for a cancer patient
dealing with the difficult side effects of chemotherapy.
 HOLISTIC HEALTH MODEL

2. Surgeons use music therapy in the operating room to create a soothing

environment.

3. Relaxation training is useful in any setting to distract a patient during a painful

procedure, such as a dressing change. Breathing exercises help patients deal with
the shortness of breath that accompanies some chronic respiratory diseases.
TRAVIS’S ILLNESS and WELLNESS
CONTINUUM
 ILLNESS and WELLNESS CONTINUUM

•Can be used to measure a person’s level of wellness.

•Health and illness or disease can be viewed as the

opposite ends of a health continuum
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Premise: Unsatisfied needs
motivate human beings and
that individuals have to meet
certain lower level needs
before they are able to
satisfy higher level needs.
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Basic physiological needs: Lowest level of

needs E.g. water, food, sleep, and sex

•When these needs are not met, an individual feels sick,

irritated, or complains of pain or discomfort which
motivates an individual to satisfy the need (Maslow,
1970)
 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Safety needs: Second level
•Includes establishing stability and consistency.
includes the security of a home and a family.

Example:
a woman living in an abusive home is unable to move to the
next level of love and belongingness because she is constantly
concerned for her safety.
 MASLOW’S BASIC NEEDS
Love and belongingness: Third level

•A desire to be­long to groups.

•Consists of the need to feel love by others and to be

accepted.
 MASLOW’S BASIC NEEDS
Self-esteem: Fourth level

•Self-esteem results from mastery of a task and also

includes the recognition gained from others
 MASLOW’S BASIC NEEDS

Self-actualization: Highest level

•The desire to become everything that one is capable of
becoming.

•Concerned with maximizing his or her potential.

 MASLOW’S BASIC NEEDS
•An understanding of Maslow's hierarchy of needs pro­vides
you with a framework to meet patient needs and specifically
prioritize care for your patients.

•Ensure that basic needs of individuals are met.

Also, all the levels have a vary­ing element of depth for the
individual (Benson and Dundis, 2003).
Transtheoretical Model or Stages of Change
The TTM operates on the assumption that people do not change behaviors quickly and
decisively. Rather, change in behavior, especially habitual behavior, occurs continuously
through a cyclical process. The TTM is not a theory but a model; different behavioral theories
and constructs can be applied to various stages of the model where they may be most
effective.
The TTM posits that individuals move through six stages of change: precontemplation,
contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Termination was not part of
the original model and is less often used in application of stages of change for health-related
behaviors. For each stage of change, different intervention strategies are most effective at
moving the person to the next stage of change and subsequently through the model to
maintenance, the ideal stage of behavior
 Stages of Change
Pre-contemplation

•The person does not think about changing his or her behavior in
the next 6 months.
•May be uninformed or under informed about the consequences
of the risk behavior(s).
 STAGES OF CHANGE
Contemplation

•The person acknowledges having a problem, seriously considers changing

a specific behavior, actively gathers information, and verbalizes plans to
change the behavior in the near future (e.g., next 6 months).
 STAGES OF CHANGE
• Preparation (Determination)
In this stage, people are ready to take action within the next 30 days.
People start to take small steps toward the behavior change, and they
believe changing their behavior can lead to a healthier life.
 STAGES OF CHANGE
Action

•Occurs when the person actively implements behavioral

and cognitive strategies of the action plan to inter­rupt
previous health risk behaviors and adopt new ones.
Requires the greatest commitment of time and energy.
 STAGES OF CHANGE
Maintenance
•The person strives to prevent re­lapse by integrating
newly adopted behaviors into his or her lifestyle.
•This stage lasts until the person no longer experiences
temptation to return to previous unhealthy behaviors.
 STAGES OF CHANGE
Termination
The ultimate goal where the individual has complete
confidence that the problem is no longer a temptation or
threat.
It is as if they never acquired the habit in the first place
(Prochaska et al., 2002, p. 102).
 References:

• Potter PA., Stockert P.A, Perry, A.G., Hall, A.M(2018). Fundamentals of Nursing. Elsevier(Singapore)Pte.Ltd

• Svalastog, AL., Donev,D, Kristofferson N.J. and Gajovic S. (2017).Concepts and definitions of health and health-related values in the
knowledge landscapes of the digital society. Croat Med J. 2017 Dec; 58(6): 431–435.doi: 10.3325/cmj.2017.58.431

• Lamonte W.W. (2019).Behavior change models. Retrieved from: https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mphmodules/sb/behavioralchangetheories/

BehavioralChangeTheories6.html

Images:

• https://www.canstockphoto.com/illness-health-buttons-show-sickness-or-16179545.html

• https://www.123rf.com/photo_56814338_stock-illustration-wellness-or-illness-good-or-bad-health-road-sign-3d-illustration.html
PRESENTATION TITLE LINE

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