Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology

ME - 3202
Machine Design Sessional

Maruf Md. Ikram

Lecturer
Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology
Department of Mechanical & Production Engineering.
Introduction

•In a sleeve bearing, a shaft, or journal, rotates or oscillates within a sleeve, or bushing, and the
relative motion is sliding generating heat.
•The lubrication is used to reduce friction, wear, and heating of machine parts that move relative to
each other. Unit bearing load P = W/(LD).
Introduction

•Unit bearing load P = W/(LD).

Types of Lubrication

Five distinct forms of lubrication may be identified:

1. Hydrodynamic
2. Hydrostatic
3. Elastohydrodynamic
4. Boundary and
5. Solid film
Types of Lubrication

1. Hydrodynamic lubrication: Hydrodynamic lubrication (also called full-film, or stable

lubrication) means that the load-carrying surfaces of the bearing are separated by a relatively thick
film of lubricant, so as to prevent metal-to-metal contact. The film pressure is created by the
moving surface itself pulling the lubricant into a wedge-shaped zone at a velocity sufficiently high
to create the pressure necessary to separate the surfaces against the load on the bearing.
2. Hydrostatic lubrication: Hydrostatic lubrication is obtained by introducing the lubricant, which
is sometimes air or water, into the loadbearing area at a pressure high enough to separate the
surfaces with a relatively thick film of lubricant. Unlike hydrodynamic lubrication, this kind of
lubrication does not require motion of one surface relative to another.
Types of Lubrication

3. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication: Elastohydrodynamic lubrication occurs when a lubricant is

introduced between surfaces that are in rolling contact, such as mating gears or rolling bearings. Its
analysis requires the theory of contact stress and fluid mechanics.
4. Boundary lubrication: Insufficient surface area, a drop in the velocity of the moving surface, a
lessening in the quantity of lubricant delivered to a bearing, an increase in the bearing load, or an
increase in lubricant temperature resulting in a decrease in viscosity—any one of these—may
prevent the buildup of a film thick enough for full-film lubrication. When this happens, the highest
asperities may be separated by lubricant films only several molecular dimensions in thickness. Its
called boundary lubrication.
5. Solid Film lubrication: A solid-film lubricant such as graphite or molybdenum disulfide must be
used when bearings must be operated at extreme temperatures, because the ordinary mineral oils
are not satisfactory.
Types of Lubrication
Types of Lubrication

Fig. 1. Solid lubrication

Terminology

The minimum film thickness is designated by

h0, and it occurs at the line of centers. The film
thickness at any other point is designated by h.
We also define an eccentricity ratio as ε = e / c
Journal bearing characteristics

μ μN/P

Fig. 2. Journal bearing characteristics graph

Journal bearing characteristics

μ μN/P

Fig. 2. Journal bearing characteristics graph

Journal bearing characteristics

•Thick film/stable lubrication is ensured to the right of point B To the right of line BA an
increase in lubricant temperature results in a lower viscosity and hence a smaller value of μN/P.
The coefficient of friction decreases, not as much heat is generated in shearing the lubricant, and
consequently the lubricant temperature drops. Thus the region to the right of line BA defines
stable lubrication because variations are self-correcting.
•To the left of line BA, a decrease in viscosity would increase the friction. Consequently
temperature rises, and the viscosity would be reduced still more. The result would be
compounded. Thus the region to the left of line BA represents unstable lubrication.
•It is also helpful to see that a small viscosity, and hence a small μN/P, means that the lubricant
film is very thin and that there will be a greater possibility of some metal-to-metal contact, and
hence of more friction. Thus, point C represents what is probably the beginning of metal-to-metal
contact as μN/P becomes smaller.
Journal bearing characteristics

Fig. 2. Journal bearing characteristics graph

Journal bearing characteristics
Journal bearing characteristics
Journal bearing characteristics
Journal bearing characteristics
Journal bearing characteristics
Journal bearing characteristics
Trumpler’s design criteria for journal bearings

•Because the bearing assembly creates the lubricant pressure to carry a load, it reacts to loading
by changing its eccentricity, which reduces the minimum film thickness h0 until the load is
carried. The moving adjacent surfaces of the journal and bushing are not smooth; a series of
asperities that pass one another, separated by a lubricant film. In starting a bearing under load
from rest there is metal-to-metal contact and surface asperities are broken off, free to move and
circulate with the oil. Trumpler, suggests h0 ≥ 0.00508 + 0.000 04d mm [0.0002 + 0.000 04d in]
•A lubricant is a mixture of hydrocarbons that reacts to increasing temperature by vaporizing
the lighter components, leaving behind the heavier. This process slowly increases the viscosity of
the remaining lubricant, which increases heat generation rate and elevates lubricant
temperatures. This sets the stage for future failure. For light oils, Trumpler limits the maximum
film temperature Tmax ≤ 1210C [2500F].
Trumpler’s design criteria for journal bearings

•A journal bearing often consists of a ground steel journal working against a softer, usually
nonferrous, bushing. In starting under load there is metal-to-metal contact, abrasion, and the
generation of wear particles, which, over time, can change the geometry of the bushing. The
starting load divided by the projected area is limited to Wst / LD ≤ 2068 kPa [300 psi]
•If the load on a journal bearing is suddenly increased, the increase in film temperature in the
annulus is immediate. Since ground vibration due to passing trucks, trains, and earth tremors is
often present, Trumpler used a design factor of 2 or more on the running load, but not on the
starting load. Nd = W/LD ≥ 2
Trumpler’s design criteria for journal bearings

Fig. 3. A plot of some performance characteristics of the bearing of Exs. 12–1 to 12–4 for radial
clearances of 0.0005 to 0.003 in. The bearing outlet temperature is designated T 2 . New bearings
should be designed for the shaded zone, because wear will move the operating point to the right.
Design criteria for journal bearings

•Cooling of journal bearings can be accomplished in 2 ways: (1) Naturally in self-contained

bearings (main types: oil bath & oil ring- in oil ring lubrication with rotation of shaft the ring
brings the oil to the top of journal) and (2) Pressure fed using a pump when natural cooling is
insufficient.
•Lubricant Temperature Rise (ΔTc) in self-contained bearings
•In self contained bearings the lubricant sump is within the bearing housing and the lubricant
is cooled within the housing. These bearings are described as pillow-block or pedestal
bearings. They find use on fans, blowers, pumps, and motors, for example.
•The temperature of the lubricant rises until the rate at which work is done by the journal on
the film through fluid shear is the same as the rate at which heat is transferred to the greater
surroundings. The specific arrangement of the bearing plumbing affects the quantitative
relationships.
Design criteria for journal bearings
Design criteria for journal bearings

Q = volumetric oil-flow rate into the bearing, Qs = volumetric side-flow leakage rate out of

the bearing and to the sump, Q − Qs = volumetric oil-flow discharge from annulus to sump

T1 = oil inlet temperature (equal to sump temperature Ts )

T = temperature rise in oil between inlet and outlet
ρ = lubricant density (862 kg/m3)
Cp = specific heat capacity of lubricant (1.758 kJ/(kg 0C)
J = Joulean heat equivalent
H = heat rate.
Design criteria for journal bearings

• The thermal energy loss from bearing at steady state (Hloss) is equal to the rate the journal does
work on the film
• So, heat loss, Hloss = 2πT N/J .
• The torque T = f Wr
• The load in terms of pressure is W = 2Prl.
• Simplifications give the eqn below.

LHS of equation becomes, 0.12Δ Tc/PMPa. Refer to chart in Fig 12-24

Design criteria for journal bearings

Figure 12–24

Sommerfeld Number,
S =(r/c)2(μN/P)
Design criteria for journal bearings

Viscosity–temperature chart in SI
units. (Adapted from Fig. 12–13.)
Class Problem

Problem: For a self-contained bush bearing note following data: l/d = 1, l = 60mm, c (minm
clearance) = 45 μm, radial load (W) = 4 kN, journal speed N = 1120 rpm, lubricant SAE 40, sump’s
exit temp, T1 = 400 C. Find the temp rise & other important parameters.

Ans: Unit bearing load P = W/ld = 1.11 MPa. Average film temp 𝑇𝑓 is unknown.
Trial #1 Let 𝑇𝑓 = T1 + ∆T/2 = 650 C Fig. 12-13 gives, μ = 30 mPa.s = 0.03 Pa.s.
Bearing characteristics/Sommerfeld no, S = (r/c)2 (μ N/P) = 0.22.
Next, Fig. 12-24 gives, 0.12Δ T/PMPa = 1.6 & ∆T= 14.80C.

Therefore, 1st corrected value of 𝑇𝑓 = T1 + ∆T/2 = Tc1 = 47.40 C

Design criteria for journal bearings

Trial #2 Let 𝑇𝑓 = T1 + ∆T/2 = Tc1 = 47.40 C

Fig. 12-13 gives, μ = 0.08 Pa.s & S = (r/c)2 (μ N/P) = 0.6.
Next, Fig. 12-24 gives, 0.12Δ T/PMPa = 3.9 & ∆T= 36 0C.
2nd corrected value of 𝑇𝑓 = T1 + ∆T/2 = Tc2 = 58 0C

In Tc - 𝑇𝑓 plot the straight line joining trial points (65, 47.4) & (47.4, 58)
intersects the line at (Tc , 𝑇𝑓 ) point. Thus the correct average film
temperature is known to be Tc = 𝑇𝑓 = 54 0C.
∆T = 2 x (54-40) = 280 C & maxm temp. of oil T2 = T1 +∆T = 680 C

At 𝑇𝑓 = 540 C, μ = 0.05 Pa.s & S = 0.37.

Class Problem

Figure 12–16
Class Problem

With S = 0.37, Fig.12-16 gives, h0/c = 0.67, ε = e/c =0.34 that gives,

h0 = 30.15 μm, eccentricity e = 15.3 μm

Class Problem

Figure 12–21
Class Problem

From Fig. 12-21, P/Pmax = 0.5, Pmax = 2.22MPa

Class Problem

Figure 12–18
Class Problem

From Fig. 12-18, fr/c = 7, f = 0.01

Parasitic power loss Hg= fWr (2π N) = 140.7W

Similarly you can find position of h0 (Fig.12-17), lubricant flow rate Q (Fig.12-19), lubricant
leakage/side flow rate Qs (Fig.12-20), terminating position of hydrodynamic pressure (Fig. 12-22).
Heat transfer characteristics

Steady-state heat transfer from bearing surface to surroundings

Frictional heat generation rate (Hloss) inside bearing is Hg= f×W×r×(2πN). At steady state the same is
delivered to the surroundings from bearing surface area A.
∴ H loss = hCR A (Tb − T∞)
hCR = combined overall coefficient of radiation and convection heat transfer (W/m2 0C)
A = surface area of bearing housing (m2), Tb = surface temperature of the housing & T∞ = ambient
temperature (0C)
Relation between average film temperature, and is given by (Tb − T∞) α = 𝑇𝑓-Tb
Or, Tb = (𝑇𝑓+ αT∞ ) / (1 + α)
∴ Hloss = hCR A (Tb − T∞) = hCR A (Tf − T∞) / (1 + α)
Heat transfer characteristics

1 BTU/h·ft²·°F = 5.68 W/m²·K

Class Problem

Given for a pillow-block or pedestal bearing (self-contained bearing), l/d = 1, l = 70mm, c = 50 μm, W
= 5kN, N = 1450 rpm, Ab = 0.5m2, T∞ = 280C. Consider, still air & oil ring lubrication. Find, Tb, Hg
& 𝑇𝑓
Soln: Trial #1: Let, 𝑇𝑓 = 500C , From Fig. 12-13 μ = 0.16 Pa.s, ∴ S = (r/c)2 (μN/P) = 1.86
Fig. 12-18, fr/c = 32, ∴ f = 0.046 & , Hg= fWr (2πN) = 1222.34 W.
But Hloss = hCR A (𝑇𝑓- T∞ ) / (1 + α) = 83.6W [hCR =11.4 W/m2.0C, α = 0.5]
Hg - Hloss = 1138.7 W (should be zero if 𝑇𝑓 is correctly assumed).
Trials are continued until Hg - Hloss vs 𝑇𝑓 curve crosses abscissa at the correct 𝑇𝑓
Corresponding value of Hg= Hloss is the required heat loss rate.
Class Problem

• If, Hg > Hloss

Trial 2: Tf Increases
• If, Hg < Hloss
Trial 2: Tf decreases

Hg - Hloss

Tf

Next, Tb = (𝑇𝑓+ α T∞ ) / (1 + α)
Graphs
Graphs
Graphs
Graphs
Assignment

1. Determine h0 and e using the following given parameters: μ = 0.02756 Pa, N = 30 rev/s, W =
2210 N (bearing load), r = 19mm, c = 0.038 mm, and l = 38 mm. Also determine the co-efficient of
friction, the torque to overcome friction, power loss to friction, total volumetric flow rate Q, side
flow rate Qs, maximum film pressure and the location of maximum and terminating pressures.
Assignment

2. A 64 x 64-mm sleeve bearing uses grade 20 lubricant. The axial-groove sump has a steady state
temperature of 43°C. The shaft journal has a diameter of 63.5 mm and the bushing bore has a
diameter of 63.6 mm. The journal speed is 1120 rev/min and the radial load is 5.34 KN. Estimate
a. The magnitude and location of the minimum oil-film thickness
b. The eccentricity
c. The coefficient of friction
d. The power loss rate
e. Both the total and side oil-flow rates
f. The maximum oil-film pressure and its angular location
g. The terminating position of the oil film
h. The average temperature of the side flow
i. The oil temperature at the terminating position of the oil film.