Household: A group of persons normally living

together and taking food from a common kitchen

constituted a household. The members of a
household might or might not be related by blood to
one another.

Dwelling Unit: A accommodation availed of by a

household for its residential purposes. It might be
entire structure or a part thereof or consist of more
than one structure.

Pucca House: Pucca house is the one of which

predominant materials of wall and roof are as
given below :

Wall : Burnt bricks, G.I. Sheets or other metal

sheets, stone, cement, concrete etc.

Roofs: Tiles, slate, corrugated iron, zinc or other

metal sheets or asbestos, cement sheets, burnt
bricks, lime stone, RCC etc,
Kutcha House : A house with mud, thatch walls
and thatch roofs, i.e., walls made of grass, leaves,
reeds etc., and Roof of similar materials.

Semi-Pucca : Houses which do not fall within the

pucca / kutcha category, Generally such houses
will have either the wall or roof of pucca
material.
Obsolescence factor: Percentage of households living in the dwelling units having age
40-80 years and are in bad condition and percentage of households living in all
structures aged 80+ years, irrespective of condition of structure, taken together is
taken as obsolescence factor.

Congestion factor: Percentage of households in which at least one couple is not

having a separate room to live in. This includes the households in which couples are
sharing the room with 10+ age member of the household.

Household monthly per capita expenditure:

Monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) is the household consumer expenditure over
a period of 30 days divided by household size.

Household Size: The number of normally resident members of a household is H/H

size. It will include temporary stay-aways (those whose total period of absence from
the household is expected to be less than 6 months) but exclude temporary visitors
and guests (expected total period of stay less than 6 months).

•In deciding the composition of a household, more emphasis is to be placed on

'normally living together' than on 'ordinarily taking food from a common kitchen'.
ii) A resident employee, or domestic servant, or a paying guest (but not just a
tenant in the household) will be considered as a member of the household with
whom he or she resides even though he or she is not a member of the
same family.

(iii)When a person sleeps in one place (say, in a shop or in a room in another house
because of space shortage) but usually takes food with his or her family, he or
she should be treated not as a single member household but as a member of the
household in which other members of his or her family stay.

(iv) If a member of a household (say, a son or a daughter of the head of the

household) stays elsewhere (say, in hostel for studies or for any other reason),
he/she will not be considered as a member of his/her parent's household.
However, he/she will be listed as a single member household if the hostel is listed.
Nineteen million households with housing shortage in Urban India (2012) as per the
estimate of the Technical Group on Urban Housing Shortage (TG-12) (2012-17)
1. The Obsolescence Factor :
Non serviceable Units = 0.99 million as per Census2011
All bad houses excluding those that are less than 40 years of age and all houses
aged 80 years or more constitute the obsolescence factor =2.27 Million.
The estimated figure = 3.26 million as on 1.3.2012

2. The Congestion Factor :

The number of households requiring a separate dwelling unit=14,986,312=14.98 million

3. Homeless People : Census 2001 data = 0.8 million

Considering that half of the homeless are single migrants and the other half have
average household size of three.

Technical Group calculated total housing requirement of 0.53 million ( 0.4

Million for single migrants and 0.13 for rest with average HH size of 3)

Total Housing Shortage= 18.77

2011

2001
Distribution of Housing shortage across major States (2011)
Distribution of Housing shortage across Economic categories: NSSO data

Three fourths of the shortage is in the EWS ( Economically Weaker Section

income up to Rs 5000 per month) category

Shortage is in LIG (Lower Income Group- Income between Rs 5001- 10,000

per month) category.
Quality of House:
Quality of House:
Quality of House:
Quality of House:

2011

2001
Housing Statistics in India

Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India (RGI):

National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO):

NSSO takes up rounds every five years on various aspects of housing through surveys on
housing conditions. In its 32nd,38th and 43rd rounds, NSSO collected data relating to tenure
status, covered area, land possessed, plinth level, type of dwelling, type of structure, no. of
floors, monthly rental value ( for urban areas only) and housing conditions etc.

National Buildings Organization (NBO):

NBO collects data from the Central construction agencies, namely, CPWD, MES, P&T, Central
Public Undertakings as well as States and Union Territories in the country.

Building Permits and completion Certificates: NBO also collects this information from
Cities /Towns having population of One lakh and above on calendar year basis.

Price of Building Materials and Wages:

The data is collected from the field units of PWD/Directorate of Economic & Statistics/ BDO’s.
ABOUT SLUMS

More than one billion people in the

world live in slums.

In the developing world, one out of

every three people living in cities lives
in a slum.

Slums are often economically vibrant;

in many cities, as much as 60 per cent
of employment is in the informal
sector.

Alternate names for slums are barrio,

basti, bidonville, favela, ghetto,
kampong, katchi abadi, masseque,
Cherri, shanty towns, skid row, and
squatter.
Number of Towns having Slums

Census 2001 Census 2011

Statutory Slum Statutory Slum
Indicator towns reported towns reported
towns towns
INDIA
3799 1743 4041 2613

Total
6,54,94,604
Population
 Slum – an Urban Phenomena
Section-3 of the Slum Area Improvement and Clearance Act 1956, slums
have been defined as

“Mainly those residential areas where dwellings are in

any respect, unfit for human habitation by reasons of
dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of designs
of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of
streets, lack of ventilation, light, sanitation facilities or any
combination of these factors which are detrimental to
safety, health and morals”
As per UN Habitat (UNCHS)
“A Slum is characterized by lack of durable housing,
insufficient living area, lack of access, to clean water,
inadequate sanitation and insecure tenure”
Probable reasons for upcoming slums
 Urbanization and Industrialization

 Higher productivity in the secondary / tertiary sector against

primary sector make cities and town centres of economic
growth and jobs

 Cities act as beacons for the rural population as they represent a

higher standard of living and offer opportunities to people not
available in rural areas. This results in large scale migration from
rural to urban areas

 Negative consequences of urban pull results in upcoming of

slums characterized by housing shortage and Critical
inadequacies in public utilities, overcrowding, unhygienic
conditions.
Slum – Census of India
Census 2001
For the first time in Census 2001, slum areas were
earmarked across the country, particularly, in cities and
towns having population of 50,000 or above in 1991
Census.
Subsequently, the slum data was culled out also for
towns with 20,000 to 49,999 population in 2001 and
statutory towns having population less than 50,000 in 1991.
Census 2011
Slums have been earmarked in all the statutory towns
irrespective of their population size based on the same
definition as in 2001.
Three types of slums have been defined in Census, namely,
Notified, Recognized and Identified.
Definition and types of slums – Census 2011
i. All notified areas in a town or city notified as “Slum” by State,
Union territories Administration or Local Government under
any Act including a ”Slums Act” may be considered as
Notified Slums
ii. All areas recognized as “Slum” by State, Union territories
Administration or Local Government, Housing and slum
Boards, which may have not been formally notified as slum
under an act may be considered as Recognized Slums
iii. A compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-70
households or poorly built congested tenements, unhygienic
environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and
lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities.
Areas should be identified personally by the Charge Officer
and also inspected by an officer nominated by Directorate
of Census Operations. This fact must be duly recorded in
the charge register. Such areas may be considered as
Identified Slums
Approaches adopted by various government in tackling
Slums: Strategies:
Slum upgrading is a process through which

“Informal areas are gradually improved, formalized and

incorporated into the city itself, through extending land, services
and citizenship to slum dwellers”

It involves providing
Slum dwellers with the economic, social, institutional and
community services available to other citizens.

Services include Legal (land tenure), Physical (infrastructure),

social (education) or economic.

Upgrading activities should be undertaken by the local

government with the participation of all parties—residents,
community groups, businesses, and national authorities.
Another key element is legalizing or regularizing properties and
providing secure land tenure to residents.

People who are safe from eviction with a sense of long-term

stability—whether they own the land or not—are much more
likely to invest in their housing or community. Over time, these
incremental improvements by residents can upgrade the entire
community.

Disadvantages:
Inadequate levels of community participation (“top-down
approach”), poor cost recovery, and inappropriately high building
standards and regulations leading to insufficient maintenance of
infrastructure;
Approaches adopted by various government in tackling
Slums: Strategies:
The “Enabling Approach”, developed in 1988 as part of the
Global Strategy for Shelter (GSS) (Year 2000), advocated an
“enabling strategy” that shifted the role of governments from
provider to “facilitator”.

Governments were expected to remove obstacles and

constraints that blocked people’s access to housing and land,
such as inflexible housing finance systems and inappropriate
planning regulations, while people were expected to build and
finance their own housing.

A key role is awarded to NGOs and other civil society groups in

the housing process.
Approaches adopted by various government in tackling
Slums: Strategies:
The critical role of government, in not only creating the "enabling
institutional environment” to facilitate the actions of the non-
governmental actors.

To provide investments and facilities which the private and other

non-governmental sectors cannot adequately provide - trunk and
other important infrastructure.
Approaches adopted by various government in tackling
Slums: Strategies:
Participatory or community-driven in situ slum upgrading, with
de facto tenure security

Upgrading cases based on community participation involve the

poor in formulation, financing and implementation of upgrading
programs and build on their own innovative solutions and
formally recognize CBOs.

Inclusion of “those traditionally responsible for providing slum

housing”, i.e. informal sector landlords, land owners and the
investing middle class, are essential in order to encourage
investment in low-income housing, maximize security of tenure,
and minimize financial exploitation of the urban poor.
Slum Rehabilitation Scheme

In 1995 called the Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS) was introduced. The SRS created
a better mechanism for cross-subsidizing slum projects using two types of incentives:
Additional Development Rights (ADR) and Transfer Development Rights (TDR).

It works in the following way. First, a builder or developer associates with a slum
community and collects signatures of agreement of at least 70% of the eligible slum
dwellers.

The project needs to follow a set of administrative procedures at the Slum

Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) which is a centralized agency created to manage the
SRS.

Slum dwellers are relocated in transit camps, the slum is demolished and new
buildings are constructed following a standard procedure. As construction finishes
slum cooperatives are formed and tenements are allotted. Slum dwellers get free
housing, with basic amenities and legal titles.

The builder is compensated in two ways. If there is enough space to build additional
housing units, the constructor is granted ADR. These allow the constructor to
exceed standard Floor Space Index (FSI) regulations, constructing additional housing
units in the same site which he can sell on the free market gaining profits.
 For example, if the project is located in the suburbs for every FSI use for rehabilitation
FSI in form of ADR is granted. There is however a maximum level of FSI that cannot be
exceeded which brings us to the second form of compensation. If there is not enough
space to use all ADR, the constructor is granted TDR which he can sell on the market
and other constructor can use to build additional space in another project in the city
Dharavi Redevelopment Project, Mumbai, India
This scheme, initiated by the Government of the State of Maharashtra and the City
of Mumbai, builds on the experiences from the Mumbai Slum Rehabilitation
Scheme (SRS) that started in 1996.

Drawbacks of SRS:
non affordability for slum dwellers, particularly regarding maintenance costs in the
new housing provided by SRS;
low quality of infrastructure due to insufficient funds; and vested interests of slum
lords and other groups.

The recently launched Dharavi Redevelopment Project attempts to overcome the

problem of lack of government funds by using the squatted upon land itself as key
resource for housing and infrastructure development in Asia’s largest slum, driven
by the private sector, based on a public-private partnership approach.
The project seeks to re-house 56,000 families in self-contained tenements of 225
square feet carpet area.

The five targeted sectors of Dharavi constitute 535 acres of prime property and
are

The developers receive an “incentive sale area” in Dharavi at a ratio of 0.75 to the
slum area they are to redevelop.
 Public Private Partnership
MEANING OF PPP
Agreement between government and the private sector regarding the provision of
public services or infrastructure. The social priorities with the managerial skills of the
private sector, relieving government from the burden of large capital expenditure,
and transferring the risk to the private sector.

Public-Private Partnership ( PPP) a partnership of government and one or more

private sector companies.

These schemes are sometimes referred to as PPP, P3 or P3.

PPP refers to a long-term contractual partnership between the public and private
sector agencies, specifically targeted towards financing, designing, implementing
and operating infrastructure facilities and services in the State.

PPPs aim to achieve the twin objectives of high growth and equity on a sustainable
basis.
Private Sector

 Innovation, Use of Technology

 Professional Management
 Quality Assurance
 Efficiency and Speed
 Maintenance Practices
 Financing linked to Viability
Public Sector

 Policy Setting
 National Planning
 Regulation and Governance
 Looking after Public Interest
 Facilitating Economic Growth and Development
 Challenges of Public Private Partnership

No Independent
regulator

No online
data base

No detailed
Feasibility study,
land acquisition and
environment forest
Limited capacity clearance
of central
ministries
and local bodies
Commercial banks giving
loan to existing sectors
and large infra firms
Public Private Partnership:

1.Township Development Scheme: Haryana Township Model

2.Lucknow Development Authority Model
3.Guided Urban Development Model (MMDA model)
4.Parshwanath Model (Ahmedabad)
5.Town Planning Scheme- Ahmedabad Model
6.Co-operative Housing Sector
7.Non-government Organization Sector.
8.AP land pooling model
Land as a Resource during 60s and 70s, dominant view was;

Land Bank Concept:

Large-scale advance acquisition of land and the only way to put an end to
speculation in land and to capture subsequent increases in land values.

Examples DDA, Navi Mumbai by CIDCO and many development authorities on a

smaller scale.

But this method of land value capture seems to be neither adequate nor feasible
Haryana Urban Development Authority Model
The Haryana Development and Regulation of Urban Area Act (HDRUAA), 1985 provide for
certain planned areas to be specially designated to allow private developers to assemble,
develop and dispose parcels of land that exceed the limits set by the Urban Land Ceiling
Act (ULCER).

The land identified by the developer must be within a township/city development

scheme, which has been prepared by the Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA)
and sanctioned by the State

Financial contributions to the development authority for off-site infrastructure costs.

Reservation of a portion of the developed land for lower-income housing (LIG) to be

allotted through the development authority

The developer must also prove that he is bonafide and has a good track record. The act
and its bylaws stipulate that private developers must first apply for a license from the State
Director of Town Planning, stating the details of the land.
The license granted has mandatory provisions, such as:

The developer must pay external development charges to HUDA (EDC) on a gross area
basis (net m2 bases for water) to cover the off-site infrastructure costs

1. The developer must reserve an additional 25 percent of developed plots to be sold on a

“no -profit no-loss” basis.
2. The developer must pay other servicing/administrative costs to HUDA on a net m 2
bases.
3. The developer must build certain community facilities and / or provide land for such
free of charge
4. The developer must put 30 percent of the proceeds of land sales into a separate
account to be used for development.
5. The developer must maintain the completed colony for five years.
6. The developer must return any excess profit to the state (a ceiling of 15 percent profit
on total project costs is imposed).
7. To ensure compliance with these conditions the developer must take out a bank
guarantee in favour of HUDA.
Lucknow Development Authority Model
Lucknow Development Authority Model:
The state's twenty development authorities (1987) were empowered to provide land
on a license basis to private developers for land development and construction of
house in planned areas and as per master plan norms

Ansals, Unitech and ELDECO to develop 800 acres of LDA's proposed township at
Sharda Nagar.

Three developers reimburse LDA for land and off-site infrastructure at Rs.100/m2 and
develop on-site infrastructure and mix of EWS and other unit types, 70 percent of
which require construction of dwelling units.

Licensing requires 40 percent of total plots for EWS and sold to LDA at subsidized price
of Rs.18,000;
LDA allots EWS units, while pricing, sale and allotment of other units/plots is done by
developer.
Developers reimburse LDA for purchase of land and construction of off-site
infrastructure; developers use own funds and allottee installments for on-site and unit
construction prior to scheme sanctioning.
After sanctioning, developers use commercial banks/finance companies for
construction financing (two to three years, 17-18 percent) and mortgage financing
(15 years, 15-16 percent); HUDCO will finance EWS units on drawdown basis through
LDA.
Status/Results

Construction underway for two years; ELDECO has approximately 400 plots/units under
construction although scheme not sanctioned yet, while Ansals has about 1,150 under
construction, with 100 complete and about 15 occupied;

LDA construction of off-site trunk roads, electricity and drainage facilities has not kept
pace with on-site development.
MMDA Model
MMDA Model

Public Sector
1. Formulating GUD guidelines and physical development standards on the basis of sites
and services projects
2. Advertising, evaluation and selection of private developers based on a predetermined
set of criteria.
3. Providing essential off-site infrastructure such as roads, water supply and access to
electricity.
4. Purchasing the EWS and LIG plots from the developers at a fixed price, and marketing
and allotting these plots to the target group.(75% of plots for EWS and LIG) and rest 25%
for marketing by private developers.

Private Developers:
1. Carry out land assembly
2. Provide performance bond not to exceed 10 percent of on-site development costs to
guard against default.
3. Provide on-site services including water supply, sewerage, roads, drainage, street
lighting, etc.
4. Handover project roads and open space to the MMDA.
5. Provide free of charge all land reservation for institutional use.
6. Construct primary schools specifically for EWS households.
7. Dispose of all non-LIG and EWS plots at prices fixed by the developer.
DDA Model
DDA Model
Parshwanath Model (Ahmedabad)

It is a private corporate developer (construction and housing finance company) aiming

at the lower end of the housing market
1981- Land Obtained from farmers
Final Township plan submitted-1985
Urban Land Ceiling Act Exemption-1987
Construction began -1988
Target Population:36000
Area:67 hectares

It is located near the fringe of eastern Ahmedabad

The developer pays no charges for off-site infrastructure, as the area is not yet a
sanctioned town planning scheme but is responsible for all internal development.

Expandable EWS, LIG and MIG housing and no plotted development.

The developer undertakes all aspects of development, including house building,
mortgage financing, and organizing of the cooperatives
The developer uses his own funds for land purchase and construction and rest from
HUDCO (short term and long term loans).
Beneficiary down payments are 23 to 29 percent of total unit costs.
The first phase of 1200 expandable housing units was completed in 15 months; it was
allocated, sold, and mostly occupied in three months.
Town Planning Scheme: Ahmedabad Model

It is a comprehensive area planning technique patterned on the concept of land

readjustment

Under TP and Urban Development Act (1976)

Implementation into three phases--draft, preliminary and final.

The preliminary phase carries out re-planning of designated areas

Final phase addresses issues regarding valuation and estimate of landowner

contribution.

Local authority, in conjunction with Gujarat Chief Town Planner, declares an area in
private ownership (about 100-200 has.) as a TP Scheme.

Total area is re-planned in three-stage process with provision of reconstituted plots,

street network and lighting and land reservations for public uses.

Approximately 70-80 percent of the original plot area to owners who now possess
improved land in terms of layout, accessibility and services.
Co-operative Housing Sector:

Housing cooperatives are allowed under state legislation which was mainly promulgated
in the 1950s. Three to ten acres.

Two formats:

The bottom-up format a group of citizens on their own initiative form a housing
cooperative society. Usually having 75 to 250 members, the society becomes registered;
then acquires land using its own funds from land owners or public development
authorities and then approaches the Apex society for construction/mortgage finance.

Top-down variant, a private developer will form the cooperative, secure land and
sanctioning, and then announce the project to the public. Those interested then
become members of the society, and development proceeds with apex financing.

Cooperatives purchase land using member contributions. Costs of infrastructure and

housing are mostly (60-75 percent) financed by long-term loans from Apex Societies,
with the rest coming from members.

Apex Societies are refinanced mainly by the Life Insurance Corporation, but also by
Government with Government guarantees.
Non government Sector:

Organizing beneficiaries into cooperatives

Helping with repayment schemes
Providing representation vis-A-vis authorities
Delivering technical assistance.

NGOs have shown an ability to stimulate community development in ways that

Government agencies cannot.

NGOs is their ability to stimulate discipline in repayment of loans

One NGO-led resettlement scheme in the 1970s (Ahmedabad)and one NGO-assisted

sites and services scheme (Madras) have been documented.
Land Pooling Policy for Delhi
Andhra Pradesh Capital City Land Pooling Scheme
The land parcels owned by individuals or group of owners are legally consolidated by
transfer of ownership rights to the Authority, which later transfers the ownership of a
part of the land back to the land owners for undertaking of development for such areas
Process of the scheme:

• finalize the LPS area after calling for objections and suggestions.
• prepare draft LPS, invite objections and notify final LPS.
• transfer ownership rights to the Authority from willing land owners for the
purpose of development and reconstitution.
• assemble original plots and reconstitute the plots on ground after ear
marking.
• transfer ownership rights to the land owners through issue of land pooling
ownership certificates to the land owners.
• handover physical possession of reconstituted plot to the land owners.
• incorporate final LPS in the sector development plans
• Complete development under LPS

The entire land pooling area shall be divided into sectors and the reservation and
allotment of land for various purposes shall be in accordance with section 38 and
section 53 of the Act.
The owners shall be responsible for the following, namely:

1.All the required infrastructure within the Final Plot;

2. obtaining all ‘No Objection Certificates’ required for the development of the
reconstituted plot and following the prevailing Development Promotion Regulations
and Building Regulations / Rules depending on the type of development proposed;
and
3. payment of necessary fees and charges as per the rules for the sanction of
development permission.

Maintenance of the common infrastructure & facilities after issue of completion

certificate

Reconstituted plot owners and any other purchaser of the reconstituted plot shall have
to pay for the usage, consumption and maintenance charges levied by the agencies
responsible for the common infrastructure and respective services including roads,
street lighting, solid waste management, sewerage treatment facility, water supply,
parks and play grounds or such other amenities.
National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy-2007:

This policy intends to promote Sustainable development of habitat in the country with a
view to ensuring equitable supply of land, shelter and services at affordable prices to all
sections of society.

The magnitude of the housing shortage and budgetary constraints of both the Central
and State Governments, it is clear that Public Sector efforts will not suffice in fulfilling the
housing demand.

National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007 focuses the spotlight on multiple stake-
holders namely, the Private Sector, the Cooperative Sector, the Industrial Sector for
labour housing and the Services / Institutional Sector for employee housing.

The Policy will seek to promote various types of public-private partnerships for realizing
the goal of Affordable Housing For All.
Policy stresses upon

1.Land
2.Services / Infrastructure
3.Finance
4.Legal and Regulatory Reforms
5.Technology Transfer
6.Employment Issues
7.Sustainability Concerns
8.Slum Improvement and Up-gradation
9.Action Plan
Land

1.Private Sector will be allowed to assemble a reasonable size of land in

consonance with the Master Plan / Development plan of each city / town.

1.10-15% land in every public/private housing project or 20-25% of FAR whichever

greater will be reserved for EWS/LIG housing through appropriate legal
stipulation and special incentives.

2.Beneficiary led housing development will be encouraged.

3. Percentage of land developed by public sector will be provided at institutional

rates to organizations like co-operative housing society and employee co-operative
organization.
Legal and Regulatory Reforms;

1.To repeal urban land ceiling act.

2.A Single window approach would be developed by ULB/Para statals for approval of
Building plans.

1.Adoption of Model Municipal byelaws prepared by central government with suitable

modifications.

2.Stamp duty reforms (reduction of stamp duty to less than 5%)

3.Property tax reforms based on unit area method.

4.Town planning Act in order to promote Regional Planning at State level.

1.To enact Apartment ownership Acts

1.A Citizen Charter: Citizens charter is a document which represents a systematic effort
to focus on the commitment of the Organization towards its citizens in respect of
Standard of Services, Information, Choice and Consultation, Non discrimination and
Accessibility, Grievance, Redress, Courtesy and Value for money. This also includes
expectations of the Organization from the Citizen for fulfilling the commitment of the
Finance

Secondary Mortgage market and Residential mortgage based securitization need to be

nurtured through National Housing Bank, Scheduled bank and HFC.

National shelter fund to be set up under the control of NHB for providing subsidy
support to EWS/LIG housing.

HUDCO will be directed to encourage EWS/LIG housing.

Efforts made to encourage FDI from NRI and PIO

Incentives provided for encouraging lending by financial institutions like HFIs and
Banks.

Micro-financing institutions would be promoted at state level to expedite flow of

finance to urban poor.
Technology Support and its Transfer

1.Low energy consuming and using renewal form of energy construction

techniques and rain water harvesting technologies.

2.Use of pre-fabricated factory made building components for mass housing.

3.To promote low cost building materials based on agriculture and industrial
wastes.

4.State and UT to include new materials in Schedule of rates.

5.Demonstration houses using cost effective materials and alternate technologies

by BMPTC (Building Materials Promotion and Technology Council).

6.Enforcement of building code related to disaster resistant planning.

7.Use of Bamboo as a wood substitute.

Infrastructure

1.Development of MRTS at the sub-regional level around Metropolitan cities.

2.To develop a Habitat Infrastructure Action Plan for cities with a population above
1,00,000

Sustainability Concerns:

1.Green Belts to be developed around cities.

1.Green recreational area like Zoo’s, lakes and garden to be earmarked.

1.To protect large depression being filled up since they are natural drainage points for
conservation of water.

•Preparation of State Regional plans based on fast transport corridors for balanced
growth.
Employment Issues:

To upgrade the skills of construction workers induct them at supervisory level

and develop them as contractors.

To enact legislation on the pattern of Building and other construction workers act
1996 (for occupational, health and safety of all workers and Adequate provision
for skill up-gradation of construction workers)

Slum Improvement and Up-gradation:

JNNURM-slum improvement as well as in-situ slum rehabilitation

Inner city slum re-development programme with cross subsidization and special
incentives.
Land pooling and sharing arrangement to facilitate land development.
TDR and additional FAR for accelerating private investment in provision of shelter.
Rights provided to slum dwellers will be non transferable for a period of 10-15
years.
Relocation on account of severe water pollution, safety concerns.
Formation of Group co-operatives housing societies for urban poor and slum
dwellers.
Action plan:
The central government will encourage and support states to prepare a state urban
housing and habitat policy (SUHHP) action plan.

Planned and balanced regional growth, creation of sustainable employment

opportunities, protection of weaker sections, promotion of public private partnerships.

To provide roadmap pertaining to supply of land, modification of bye-laws, promotion

of cost effective building materials and technologies, infrastructure development and
in-situ development.

Cities should prepare 15-20 years perspective plans in the form of city development
plans. Vision based approach on all levels of spatial plan.

A high level monitoring to review NHHP-2007 and making amendment necessary.

Identify city specific housing shortage and prepare city level urban housing and Habitat
Action plans for time bound implementation.

Incorporate provisions of model building bye-laws prepared by TCPO and NBC in their
respective building bye-laws.

Devise suitable models for private sector assembly of land and its development for
housing in accordance with Master Plan.
Rajasthan Affordable Housing policy:

New Affordable Housing Policy-2009 to promote EWS/LIG housing through private

participation.

1,25,000 houses for EWS, LIG and MIG category to be constructed in next four
years.

Model No-1
Mandatory Provisions:

Rajasthan Housing Board to construct at least 50% plots/ houses/ flats of EWS/LIG
category in its schemes
All Urban Local Bodies including Jaipur Development Authority (JDA), Jodhpur
Development Authority, Urban Improvement Trusts and Municipal bodies to
allot/construct at least 25% plots/houses/flats of EWS/LIG category in their residential
housing schemes.
Private developers to reserve 15% of the dwelling units for EWS/LIG housing in each of
their Township/Group Housing Schemes.
Model No-2:
Private Developers On Private Land

Selected developers to take up construction of EWS/LIG/MIG-A flats (G+2/G+3

format) on minimum 40% of the total land.

Buy-back of flats by the nodal agency (Avas Vikas Limited) at pre-determined

prices, to be allotted to the eligible beneficiaries.

Developer free to construct HIG flats/commercial on remaining land.

Model No-3:
Private Developers On Acquired Land

Developer can take up construction of EWS/LIG /MIG-A flats (G+2/G+3) on the

land acquired by ULBs.

Land would be made available to developer on payment of compensation (Land

Acquisition cost + 10% Administration charges)

Special zones are being carved out for this purpose.

Model No- 4:
Private Developers On Government Land:

(For Rental Housing or Outright Sale Basis)

Earmarked Government land to be offered free of cost to the developer. Developer

offering maximum number of EWS/LIG flats (G+2/G+3 formats) free of cost to the ULB,
would be awarded the project. At least 50% houses should be of EWS category.

Developer free to use the remaining land as per his choice for residential purpose with
10% for commercial use.

Model No-5: Slum Housing in PPP Model

The model is based on various schemes approved by Government of India i.e. BSUP,
IHSDP, RAJIV AVAS YOJNA and also on the lines of "Mumbai Model" of slum
redevelopment with private sector participation.
Incentives to the Developers

Complete waiver of

External development charges,

Building plan approval fees,
Conversion charges

Ground coverage for EWS/LIG plot area upto 50%.

Commercial use up to 10% of plot area.
Fast track approval of the project – within 30 days.
Additional FAR – Double of the permissible FAR on the whole land area which can be
used as TDR
Flats to be handed over to the nodal agency at pre-determined price of Rs 750 / sq ft.
Additional incentive of 0.5 FAR for timely completion of the project.
Environment Issues:

Pollution:

Its is any undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics of air,

land, water or soil.

Agents that bring about such an undesirable change are called pollutants.

To Control Pollution Government of India has passed the Environment (Protection) Act,
1986 to protect and improve the quality of our environment ( air, water and soil).

Smokestacks of thermal power plants, smelters and other industries release particulate
and gaseous air pollutants together with harmless gases, such as nitrogen, oxygen, etc.
These pollutants must be separated/ filtered out before releasing the harmless gases
into the atmosphere.
Environment Issues:

There are several ways of removing particulate matter; the most widely used of which
is the electrostatic precipitator which can remove over 99 per cent particulate matter
present in the exhaust from a thermal power plant. It has electrode wires that are
maintained at several thousand volts, which produce a corona that releases
electrons.

These electrons attach to dust particles giving them a net negative charge. The
collecting plates are grounded and attract the charged dust particles. The velocity of
air between the plates must be low enough to allow the dust to fall.

A scrubber can remove gases like sulphur dioxide. In a scrubber, the exhaust is passed
through a spray of water or lime

Recently we have realised the dangers of particulate matter that are very very small
are not removed by these precipitators.

According to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), particulate size 2.5 micrometers
or less in diameter (PM 2.5) are responsible for causing the greatest harm to human
health.
These fine particulates can be inhaled deep into the lungs and can cause breathing
and respiratory symptoms, irritation, inflammations and damage to the lungs and
Environment Issues:
Environment Issues:

Automobiles are a major cause for atmospheric pollution at least in the metro cities.

Proper maintenance of automobiles along with use of lead-free petrol or diesel can reduce
the pollutants they emit. Catalytic converters, having expensive metals namely
platinum-palladium and rhodium as the catalysts, are fitted into automobiles for
reducing emission of poisonous gases.

As the exhaust passes through the catalytic converter, unburnt hydrocarbons are
converted into carbon dioxide and water, and carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are
changed to carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas, respectively.

Motor vehicles equipped with catalytic converter should use unleaded petrol because lead
in the petrol inactivates the catalyst.

Controlling Vehicular Air Pollution: A Case Study of Delhi

With its very large population of vehicular traffic, Delhi leads the country in its levels of air-
pollution – it has more cars than the states of Gujarat and West Bengal put together. In
the 1990s, Delhi ranked fourth among the 41 most polluted cities of the world.
Environment Issues:

Switching over the entire fleet of public transport, i.e., buses, from diesel to compressed
natural gas (CNG). All the buses of Delhi were converted to run on CNG by the end of 2002

CNG burns most efficiently, unlike petrol or diesel, in the automobiles and very little of it
is left un burnt. Moreover, CNG is cheaper than petrol or diesel, cannot be siphoned off by
thieves and adulterated like petrol or diesel.

Parallel steps taken in Delhi for reducing vehicular pollution include phasing out of old
vehicles, use of unleaded petrol, use of low-sulphur petrol and diesel, use of catalytic
converters in vehicles, application of stringent pollution level norms for vehicles, etc.
 Environment Issues:

Noise Pollution

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act came into force in 1981, but was
amended in 1987 to include noise as an air pollutant.

Noise is undesired high level of sound and it causes psychological and physiological
disorders in humans.

Reduction of noise in our industries can be affected by use of sound absorbent materials
or by muffling noise.

Stringent following of laws laid down in relation to noise like delimitation of horn-free
zones around hospitals and schools, permissible sound-levels of crackers and of
loudspeakers, timings after which loudspeakers cannot be played, etc., need to be
enforced to protect ourselves from noise pollution.
Environment Issues:

WATER POLLUTION AND ITS CONTROL

Human beings abusing the water-bodies around the world by using them for disposal of
all kinds of waste.

Importance of maintaining the cleanliness of the water bodies, the Government of India
has passed the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 to safeguard our
water resources.

Domestic Sewage and Industrial Effluents

Composition of Waste Water:

Impurities: 0.1%
1.Suspended Solids, e.g., sand, silt and clay
2.Colloidal material, e.g., Fecal matter, bacteria, cloth and paper fibres.
3. Dissolved materials, e.g., nutrients (nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, sodium, calcium)

A mere 0.1 per cent impurities make domestic sewage unfit for human use.

Solids are relatively easy to remove, what is difficult to remove are dissolved salts such as
nitrates, phosphates, and other nutrients, and toxic metal ions and organic compounds.
Domestic sewage primarily contains biodegradable organic matter, which readily
decomposes – by bacteria and other micro-organisms, which can multiply using these
organic substances as substrates and hence utilise some of the components of sewage.

Micro-organisms involved in biodegradation of organic matter in the receiving water

body consume a lot of oxygen, and as a result there is a sharp decline in dissolved
oxygen downstream from the point of sewage discharge. This causes mortality of fish
and other aquatic creatures.

Presence of large amounts of nutrients in waters also causes excessive growth of

planktonic (free-floating) algae, called an algal bloom which imparts a distinct colour to
the water bodies.

Algal blooms cause deterioration of the water quality and fish mortality. Some bloom-
forming algae are extremely toxic to human beings and animals.

Beautiful mauve-colored flowers found very appealingly-shaped floating plants in water

bodies. These are plants of water hyacinth the world’s most problematic aquatic weed.

They grow abundantly in eutrophic water bodies, and lead to an imbalance in the
ecosystem dynamics of the water body.
Bio magnification:
Waste water from industries like petroleum, paper
manufacturing, metal extraction and processing,
chemical manufacturing, etc., often contain toxic
substances, notably, heavy metals (defined as
elements with density > 5 g/cm3 such as mercury,
cadmium, copper, lead, etc.) and a variety of
organic compounds.

A few toxic substances, often present in industrial

waste waters, can undergo biological magnification
(Bio-magnification) in the aquatic food chain.

Bio-magnification refers to increase in

concentration of the toxicant at successive trophic
levels. This happens because a toxic substance
accumulated by an organism cannot be metabolised
or excreted, and is thus passed on to the next
higher trophic level. This phenomenon is well-
known for mercury and DDT.

.
The concentration of DDT is increased at
successive trophic levels; say if it starts at
0.003 ppb (ppb = parts per billion) in water,
it can ultimately can reach 5 ppm (ppm =
parts per million) in fish-eating birds,
through bio-magnification.

High concentrations of DDT disturb calcium

metabolism in birds, which causes thinning
of eggshell and their premature breaking,
eventually causing decline in bird
populations.
Eutrophication:
Eutrophication is the natural aging of a lake by biological enrichment of its water.

Streams draining into the lake introduce nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus,
which encourage the growth of aquatic organisms.

As the lake’s fertility increases, plant and animal life burgeons, and organic remains
begin to be deposited on the lake bottom. Over the centuries, as silt and organic debris
pile up, the lake grows shallower and warmer, with warm-water organisms supplanting
those that thrive in a cold environment.

Marsh plants take root in the shallows and begin to fill in the original lake basin.
Eventually, the lake gives way to large masses of floating plants (bog), finally converting
into land.

Depending on climate, size of the lake and other factors, the natural aging of a lake
may span thousands of years. However, pollutants from man’s activities like effluents
from the industries and homes can radically accelerate the aging process. This
phenomenon has been called Cultural or Accelerated Eutrophication.

The prime contaminants are nitrates and phosphates, which act as plant nutrients.
They over stimulate the growth of algae, causing unsightly scum and unpleasant odors,
and robbing the water of dissolved oxygen vital to other aquatic life.
Heated (thermal) wastewaters flowing out of electricity-generating units, e.g., thermal
power plants, constitute another important category of pollutants.

Thermal wastewater eliminates or reduces the number of organisms sensitive to high

temperature, and may enhance the growth of plants and fish in extremely cold areas
but only after causing damage to the indigenous flora and fauna.

Both the agenda recognized the link between sustainability and governance.
sustainable development not be seen as an exclusive domain of governments and
experts, it has to be seen as a process involving ordinary people in their every day lives.

Both agendas underlined the need to combat poverty and to include those people who
are traditionally disenfranchised and excluded from mainstream decision-making
processes.
Green and Brown Agenda:
1. Tensions and Complementariness:

Environmental concerns where perceived to be a luxury for affluent societies rather

than an essential dimension to be taken into account as part of the promotion of
sustainable development.

Principle concern of the green agenda is ecosystem protection and the immediate
effects of human activity at the regional and global scale.

The brown agenda is seen as focusing upon human well-being and social justice and
the immediate problems at the local level, especially those suffered by low-income
groups.

Proponents (a person who advocates a theory, proposal, or project) of the green and
brown agendas started to emerge through the main outcomes of the UN summits in
Rio de Janeiro and Istanbul – Environment-focused Agenda 21 and the Urban-
focused Habitat Agenda.

This change in perspective moved from the largely ’environment versus

development’ approach that characterised the ecological movement of the 1970s
and 1980s, to a new approach that recognised that environmental concerns are
inextricably linked to social and economic development processes.
Green and Brown Agenda:
The brown agenda emphasis intra
generational equity, in recognising that all
urban dwellers have needs for healthy and
safe living and working environments and
the infrastructure and services these
require.
Green agenda places its emphasis on
intergenerational equity, in the concern
that urban development draws upon a
finite resource base and degrades
ecological systems in ways that
compromise the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
Green and Brown Agenda:
2. Is the bridge between the two agendas robust enough?
A problem remains however in considering both agendas separately, that is in
focusing attention either on local environmental problems which have immediate
and evident impacts on people’s health and quality of life or in looking at
sustainability issues exclusively from the perspective of the natural resources base
and ecosystems health.

Promoting one agenda over the other had the counterproductive effect of placing
them in opposition to each other, competing for recognition, resources and
practitioner support.

Urban sustainability involves the ‘greening’ of public policy, business and

technology, a vision dominated by ecological modernisation thought (Hajer, 1996)
which tends to squeeze out of the equation the challenges on environmental
injustice and inequity for understanding of the causes of unsustainable
development. Some have qualified this interpretation as an effort in adapting
advanced capitalism, so as to mitigate environmental impact through modern
means of production (Lafferty, 2001).
Is the bridge between the two agendas robust enough?
The green and brown agenda converge in highlighting the global environmental
impacts of the unequal processes of consumption and production in different parts of
the world – with climate change challenges being perhaps the most obvious concern
calling for a link across both agendas.

Young (1990) and subsequently by Nancy Fraser (1998), social justice and indeed
environmental justice - requires a notion of justice that does not just address the
maldistribution of goods and services – or, in environmental terms, the
maldristribution of environmental ‘goods’ and ‘bads’- but also the institutional
structures and social relations that produce and reproduce such ‘maldistributions’.

Development strategies must ensure that today’s gains do not result in cities that will
need radical restructuring in the future because they need more resources and have
too great an impact on the environment to be sustainable.

Why we should focus attention on the urban environment and

sustainable development, the precise relationship between
macro-economic strategies and the sustainability of
contemporary urban development trends remains largely
unexplored.
Green and Brown Agenda:

3. Addressing the sustainability challenge across the urban-rural continuum

The mutual dependence between cities and their hinterland is a delicate one, and its
balance is constantly affected by the urbanisation process. In developed countries,
urban sprawl continues to consume vast amounts of rural land, often threatening or
destroying natural eco-systems and watersheds.

Agricultural land surrounding cities is converted through suburban development, the

comparative advantage of food produced in proximity to urban markets is lost, thus
reinforcing the trend of globalisation for food to be shipped from further a-field. This
phenomenon, known as food-miles, increases the ecological footprint of cities often
resulting in more energy being consumed for transporting food than the calorific value
of the food itself.
Green and Brown Agenda:

Addressing the sustainability challenge across the urban-rural continuum

Consumer awareness has recently led to movements and campaigns favouring

local production of foodstuffs with several major cities having adopted policies
and land-use practices in favour of urban and peri-urban agriculture.

The environmental impacts are both direct and indirect. Direct consequences
include the loss of often fertile and productive land, the depletion of water
resources owing to urban and industrial demand, and pollution caused directly
by the unsafe disposal of solid waste and sewerage as well as by uncontrolled
industrial emissions.

Indirect consequences include the social costs and risks associated with
settlements located in precarious sites such as flood plains, and the high costs
of extending infrastructure and services to outlying areas.
Green and Brown Agenda:

Addressing the sustainability challenge across the urban-rural continuum

 
In both developed and developing countries, competing jurisdictions on the
urban-rural fringe are often a major issue. Examples abound where the policies
and legislation governing urban local governments differ considerably from
those of their adjacent county or rural authorities. This lack of harmonisation
often results in conflicts in land-use, energy supply, transport and water
management.

Phenomenon of urban sprawl in many developed countries in peri-urban areas

to capitalise on cheaper land and lower taxes to attract suburban housing and
commercial development, much to the detriment of the city.

This zero-sum game in economic terms bears direct environmental

consequences in terms of land-use and energy consumption.
Green and Brown Agenda:
Addressing the sustainability challenge across the urban-rural continuum
Global trade has vastly expanded throughout the 20th century, cities have
become less reliant upon their hinterland for sustenance and are increasingly
importing not only their consumer goods, but also food, energy, water and
building materials from distant sources.

Wastes produced in urban areas are increasingly been exported to distant

regions. This means that very often the origin of food and energy and the
destination of wastes is invisible to urban dwellers, creating dependencies that
might not be ecologically or geopolitically stable, secure or indeed, sustainable
(Allen et al, 2007).

The problem is that the limits imposed by the expansion of the urban ecological
footprint (measure of human impact on ecosystems). It is the amount of natural
capital consumed each year do not become evident until they are translated into
local impacts, such as higher food or energy prices, frequent floods or the
increment of environment-related diseases such as skin cancer.

A comparison of the urban ecological footprint of cities in developing and

developed countries reveals that, in overall terms, the former rely more heavily
on their own hinterlands than do cities in the developed world, as the latter tend
to draw on distant ‘elsewhere’ to satisfy their demands in terms of food,
energy.
Green and Brown Agenda:
Addressing the sustainability challenge across the urban-rural continuum
Successful approaches tend to work through the concept of the ‘city-region’, where
the comparative advantages of urban or metropolitan centres and their adjacent
peri-urban and rural jurisdictions are combined to promote more balanced use of
natural resources such as land, water and energy, and to support mutually
reinforcing social and economic development initiatives.

Integrated urban-rural approaches to development can contribute significantly to

more sustainable forms of urbanisation.

Development rarely occur by themselves and in the vast majority of cases, require
specific policies as well as more enabling legislation.

Barriers, such as:

Existing laws and policies

lack of harmonisation in land-use planning and zoning,
taxes and tariffs, and
accountability vis-à-vis higher spheres of government.
Green and Brown Agenda:
A comparative or contrasting research agenda?

The sustainability challenges faced by cities and citizens in the UK and Brazil could
not be more contrasting.

Both contexts present an active laboratory of planning experiences concerned

with the articulation of the green and brown agendas.

Suggest to focus on a discrete number of initiatives engaged with the promotion

of urban agriculture (e.g.: London Capital Growth and Urban Agriculture in Belo
Horizonte), as this represents an ideal theme to test the capacity of such initiatives
to respond to the central questions discussed in this document, namely:

(a)the reduction of environmental inequality and

(b) the promotion of the sustainability agenda at the urban-region level and/or
across the rural-urban continuum.
 Brunt land Commission Report:

Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and

Development
"A global agenda for change" - this was what the World Commission on Environment
and Development was asked to formulate:

to propose long-term environmental strategies for achieving sustainable development by

the year 2000 and beyond;

to recommend ways concern for the environment may be translated into greater co-
operation among developing countries and between countries at different stages of
economical and social development and lead to the achievement of common and mutually
supportive objectives that take account of the interrelationships between people,
resources, environment, and development;

to consider ways and means by which the international community can deal more
effectively with environment concerns; and

to help define shared perceptions of long-term environmental issues and the appropriate
efforts needed to deal successfully with the problems of protecting and enhancing the
environment, a long term agenda for action during the coming decades, and aspirational
goals for the world community.
 This Commission believes that people can build a future that is more prosperous, more
just, and more secure. Our report, Our Common Future , is not a prediction of ever
increasing environmental decay, poverty, and hardship in an ever more polluted world
among ever decreasing resources.

We see instead the possibility for a new era of economic growth, one that must be
based on policies that sustain and expand the environmental resource base. And we
believe such growth to be absolutely essential to relieve the great poverty that is
deepening in much of the developing world.

But the Commission's hope for the future is conditional on decisive political action now
to begin managing environmental resources to ensure both sustainable human progress
and human survival.

We are not forecasting a future; we are serving a notice - an urgent notice based on the
latest and best scientific evidence - that the time has come to take the decisions needed
to secure the resources to sustain this and coming generations.
The Commission's mandate gave it three objectives:

to re-examine the critical environment and development issues and to formulate
realistic proposals for dealing with them;

to propose new forms of international cooperation on these issues that will
influence policies and events in the direction of needed changes; and

to raise the levels of understanding and commitment to action of individuals,

voluntary organizations, businesses, institutes, and governments.

Through our deliberations and the testimony of people at the public hearings we held on
five continents:

all the commissioners came to focus on one central theme: many present development
trends leave increasing numbers of people poor and vulnerable, while at the same time
degrading the environment.

How can such development serve next century's world of twice as many people relying
on the same environment? This realization broadened our view of development.
Definition of Sustainable Development:

Development that meets the needs of current generation without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

The Commission has focused its attention in the areas of population, food security, the loss
of species and genetic resources, energy, industry, and human settlements - realizing that
all of these are connected and cannot be treated in isolation one from another.