1

PRESENTATION ON

AC MOTOR DRIVES

Presented By:
 AMIT A. JAVJE [60]
Some of the reasons for the growing
popularity of AC motor drives are:

 · Energy savings, particularly for fans and

pumps.
 · Extended equipment life through reduced
mechanical stress (belts, bearings).
 · Elimination of excessive motor inrush
current which in turn, extends useful motor
life.
 · Standard AC motors can be used. This
means that off-the-shelf motors, which are
easier to repair, purchase and maintain, not to
mention less expensive, can be used.
 How Do AC Drives Work?

• AC motor speed is controlled by frequency. An AC drive is a device for

controlling the speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency of the
voltage supplied to the motor.

• It does this by first converting 3 phase 50 Hz AC power to DC power. Then,

by various switching mechanisms, it inverts this DC power into a pseudo sine
wave 3 phase adjustable frequency alternating current for the connected motor .

• The adjustable frequency coming out of the inverter and going to the motor can
be varied to suit the application.

• (PWM) method of frequency control, and that is the one we will concentrate on
here.
• Let’s look at how an AC drive functions in a little more detail. The two main
sections of a PWM drive are the converter and the inverter.

• Three phase 60 Hz AC power is coming into the converter. The converter

typically uses a rectifier (which is a solid state device that changes AC to DC) to
change the incoming 60 Hz AC into a rectified DC voltage.
• The DC voltage coming out of the converter is rather rough. Different types of
filtering can be used to smooth out the rectified DC so that it is of a more or less
constant voltage value.
• This filtering takes place between the converter and inverter stages. This
“smoothed” DC is then sent on to the inverter.

• Modified output is shown below

INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES

Three-phase induction motor are commonly used in adjustable-speed drives

(ASD).

Basic part of three-phase induction motor :

Three-phase
windings Rotor windings
• Stator
Three-
phase • Rotor
supply
 • Air gap
Stator Air gap Rotor
m T
s
The stator winding are supplied with balanced three-phase AC voltage, which
produce induced voltage in the rotor windings. It is possible to arrange the
distribution of stator winding so that there is an effect of multiple poles,
producing several cycle of magnetomotive force (mmf) or field around the air
gap.
The speed of rotation of field is called the synchronous speed ws , which is
defined by :
ωs is syncronous speed [rad/sec]
2 Ns is syncronous speed [rpm]
s  or
p p is numbers of poles
ω is the supply frequency [rad/sec]
120 f f is the supply frequency [Hz]
Ns  Nm is motor speed
p
 The motor speed:

The rotor speed or motor speed is : m  s (1 S )

  m NS  Nm
S S S
Where S is slip, as defined as : Or NS
S
Three-phase
windings Rotor windings

Three-
phase
supply

Stator Air gap Rotor
m T
s
 Equivalent Circuit Of Induction Motor

Three-phase
windings Rotor windings Where :
Rs is resistance per-phase of stator winding
Three-
phase Rr is resistance per-phase of rotor winding
supply
 Xs is leakage reactance per-phase of the
winding stator
Stator Air gap Rotor
m T Xs is leakage reactance per-phase of the
s winding rotor
Is Xs Rs X r’
Xm is magnetizing reactance

Im Ir’ Rm is Core losses as a reactance

Rr’/s
Vs
Xm Rm

Stator Air gap motor

 Performance Characteristic of Induction
Motor
Is Xs Rs Xr’

Im Ir’

Rr’/s
Vs
Xm Rm

Stator Air gap motor

2
Stator copper loss : Ps cu  3 I s Rs
' '
Rotor copper loss : Pr cu  3 ( I r ) 2 Rr
2 2
V V
Core losses : Pc  3 m  3 s
Rm Rm
 Performance Characteristic of Induction
Motor

- Power developed on air gap (Power fropm stator to

rotor through air gap) : ' 2 R
'
Pg  3 ( I r ) r
S '
' R
- Power developed by motor : Pd  Pg  Pr cu  3 ( I r ) 2 r (1  S )
S
or Pd  Pg (1  S )

Pd Pd 60
- Torque of motor : Td  or Td 
m 2 N m
Pg (1  S ) Pg
or  
 S (1  S ) s
Performance Characteristic of Induction
Motor

Input power of motor : Pi  3Vs I s cos m

 Pc  Ps cu  Pg

Output power of motor : Po  Pd  Pno load

Po Pd  Pno load
Efficiency :  
Pi Pc  Ps cu  Pg
 3 Rr' Vs2
Td 
Speed-Torque Characteristic :  Rr' 
2

S  s  Rs    X s  X r'
S 
 
2

 

' 2
 R 
For the high Slip S. (starting) X s X r
' 2
  Rs  
S 
r

So, the torque of motor is : 3 Rr' Vs2

Td 

S s X s  X ' 2
r 

3 Rr' Vs2
Tst 
 s X s  X 
And starting torque (slip S=1) is :
' 2
r
For low slip S region, the motor speed near unity or synchronous
speed, in this region the impedance motor is : R 'r
X ' 2
s  Xr  
S
 Rs

So, the motor torque is :

3Vs2 S
Td 
 s R 'r
Rr'
And the slip at maximum torque is : S max  
R   X  X  
1
2 ' 2 2
s s r

3 Rr' Vs2
The maximum motor torque is : Td 
 ' 2
Rr  
S s  Rs    X s  X r'
S 
  2

 
Stator Voltage Control:
AC
Variable
Voltage
IM
Controlling Induction Motor Speed by Sources  Td
Adjusting The Stator Voltage Vs

3 Rr' Vs2
Td 
 Rr' 
2


S  s  Rs    X s  X r'
S 

2

 
Td
Vs > Vs1 > Vs2
Ii Xs Rs Xr’ Is=Ir’ Tmax

Im Ir’

Rr’/s
Vs
Pi
Po Tst TL
Tst1
Tst2
Stator air rotor
gap

2 1 
S=1 S=0
s
Nm =0 Ns
 AC
Frequency Voltage Control: Variable
Voltage
Sources IM
Controlling Induction Motor Speed by Vs  Td
Adjusting The Frequency Stator Voltage f

3 Rr' Vs2
Td  2
 Rr'  
S s  Rs    X s  X r  
' 2

 S   Td
fs2 < fs1 < fs
Tmax

Ii Xs Rs Xr ’ Is=Ir’ Tst2

Im Ir’ Tst1
Tst TL
Vs Rr’/s
f
Po
Pi

Stator
Air rotor 2 1 s
gap
S=1 S=0 S=0 S=0
 m =0 fs2 fs1 fs
 CONTROLLING INDUCTION MOTOR SPEED USING ROTOR
RESISTANCE
(Rotor Voltage Control)

3 Rr' Vs2
Equation of Speed-Torque : Td 
 ' 2 
Rr 
S  s  Rs    X s  X r  
' 2

 S  

3Vs2 S
In a wound rotor induction motor, an Td 
external three-phase resistor may be  s R 'r
connected to its slip rings, RX
Stator

RX
Rotor

RX
Three-phase
supply
These resistors Rx are used to control motor starting and stopping
anywhere from reduced voltage motors of low horsepower up to large
motor applications such as materials handling, mine hoists, cranes
etc.

The most common applications are:

AC Wound Rotor Induction Motors – where the resistor is wired into the
motor secondary slip rings and provides a soft start as resistance is
removed in steps.

AC Squirrel Cage Motors – where the resistor is used as a ballast for soft
starting also known as reduced voltage starting.

DC Series Wound Motors – where the current limiting resistor is wired to

the field to control motor current, since torque is directly proportional to
current, for starting and stopping.
 Advantages and Disadvantages:

The AC motor have a number of advantages :

• Lightweight (20% to 40% lighter than equivalent DC motor)
• Inexpensive
• Low maintenance

The Disadvantages AC motor :

* The power control relatively complex and more expensive