EXCRETI

ON
IN
HUMANS
Egestion vs. Excretion
LO:
•State where and from what is urea formed
•State that carbon dioxide is excreted through the lungs
•State the place of excretion urea and excess water and salts
•Explain factors that affect that the volume and concentration of
urine produced
•Identify on drawings, diagrams and images, the ureters, bladder and
urethra
Supplement
•Describe the role of the liver in the assimilation of amino acids
•Define deamination
•Explain the need for excretion
• Outline the structure of the kidney, limited to the cortex, medulla
and ureter
• Outline the structure and functioning of a kidney tubule
• Explain dialysis in terms of salt balance, the maintenance of glucose
concentration and the removal of urea
• Describe the use of dialysis in kidney machines
• Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplants,
compared with dialysis
LO: Define the term excretion; Explain the need for
EXCRETI
excretion

ON
• is the removal from the body of the waste products of
metabolism, toxic materials and substances in excess
or requirements

• Importance:
• To prevent the build up of waste products in tissues; these
substances would reach toxic level and destroy the tissues
if not excreted
LO: Name the excretory products and organs that are involved in their
EXCRETORY
excretion

PRODUCTS
• CO – carbon dioxide – product of respiration
2
• Made in body tissues
• Transported to lungs in the blood plasma
• Diffuses out of the blood into the air in alveoli and is breathed out
• Urea
• Made in liver from excess amino acids (digestion of proteins in small
intestine)
• Carried to the kidneys in blood plasma
• It is filtered out by kidneys and leaves the body in the form of urine
LO: Understand the process of assimilation; Describe the role of the liver in the
assimilation of amino acids
ASSIMILATION
•Food molecules that have been absorbed now become part of the
cells or are used by the cells

•Important organ involved in assimilation = LIVER

• Regulates the level of glucose in blood – converts the glucose to glycogen
and
stores it
• Uses amino acids to make proteins
• Breaks down excess amino acids, alcohol and drugs
• Converts fatty acids and glycerol into fat which is stored around the body
• Produces cholesterol
LO: Describe the role of the liver in the assimilation of amino acids
LIVER
LO: Describe the role of the liver in the assimilation of amino acids
 LO: Describe the deamination of amino acids
DEAMINATION OF AMINO ACIDS
• Amino acids produced in digestion
of proteins cannot be stored
therefore are broken down in liver
into two parts = deamination
(part containing N – amino group
is removed)

• One molecule is converted into fat

or carobhydrate and used as a
source of energy
• The other molecule = ammonia –
combines
NH with carbon dioxide to form
UREA
3

•Urea is transported in the blood to

the kidneys where it is filtered out
and excreted with the urine
1. Explain how each of these excretory
products are produced and removed from
the body
• Carbon
dioxide
• Urea
2. Distinguish between EGESTION and
EXCRETION
3.Describe what happens during
deamination
LO: Outline the structure of the kidney, limited to the cortex, medulla and
ureter
THE KIDNEYS (one pair)
• Part of urinary system
• Responsible for excretion of urea and excess water and salts from
the body = remove the toxic waste product urea from the circulating
blood – it carries out excretion
• Control the water and ion content of blood = regulate the water
content of the blood – it carries out the osmoregulation
• Blood enters kidneys through the renal arteries
• Made of millions of renal tubules
LO: Identify on drawings, diagrams and images, the ureters, bladder and urethra
 LO: Identify on drawings, diagrams and images, the ureters, bladder and urethra

• Renal artery – good supply of blood at high pressure; high

urea
concentration
• Renal vein – blood with lower urea concentration
• Kidneys are made of nephrons
• The ureter – exit tube, carry away the urine
• The bladder – stores the urine
• Sphincter – ring of muscles that controls the flow of urine
• Urethra – carries urine from bladder to outside
LO: Outline the structure of the kidney, limited to the cortex, medulla and ureter

• Renal cortex
• Brown outer area; contains
glomerulus and upper proximal
tubule; filtering of blood
• Renal medulla
• Reddish inner area; contains the
loop of Henle and collecting duct
• Renal pelvis
• A white area
• Ureter
 LO: Describe the structure of kidney
tubuleSTRUCTURE OF A KIDNEY TUBULE = NEPHRON
• Glomerulus = is a network (tuft) of
capillaries that performs the first
step of filtering blood

• Bowman capsule = The

glomerulus is surrounded by
Bowman’s capsule.
• The blood plasma is filtered
through the capillaries of the
glomerulus into the Bowman's
capsule under high pressure =
ultrafiltration
LO: Describe the structure of kidney tubule; Outline the structure and functioning
of a kidney tubule

• First coiled tubule = useful

molecules plus most of water
are selectively reabsorbed into
the blood
• Loop of Henlé = alters salt
concentrations in the medulla
to aid reabsorbtion of water
from the collecting duct
LO: Describe the structure of kidney tubule; Outline the structure and functioning
of a kidney tubule

• Collecting duct = kidney can

reabsorb water from here and
return it to the blood according
to the body’s demands, under
the influence of anti-diuretic
hormone (ADH)
• Branch of renal vein = blood
containing useful molecules
and water but cleared of
wastes is now returned to the
circulation
LO: Define the term
reabsorbtion REABSORBTION
• All of the glucose, salts and much of the water are needed by the body
–
they are reabsorbed from the kidney tubule; active transport involved
• Cells in the lining of tubules contain:
• Microvilli – to increase the surface area
• Numerous mitochondria to provide energy for active transport
• After reabsorbion – urea and excess salts dissolve in water, as it passes
through the tubule some water is reabsorbed if the body is low in water
• The fluid that enters the collecting dusts = URINE - Flows down the
collecting duct to the ureter and bladder where it’s stored
• Blood leaving kidney in the renal vein has a much lower concentration
of
waste chemicals
LO: Explain dialysis in terms of salt balance, the maintenance of glucose
concentration and the removal of urea
OSMOREGULATION
•The control of the amount of water that is returned to the blood
and balancing it with the amount of water taken in in the diet and
the amount of water lost from the body by other means
= control of water balance
•Controlled by antidiuretic hormone
LO: Describe the use of dialysis in kidney
machines DIALYSIS
• Nephrons stop working efficiently
• Body cannot control the composition and amount of
urine
• Can lead to death if not corrected
• Dialysis = using kidney machine
• Kidney transplant
LO: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplants, compared
dialysis
with
Kidney transplant
•Surgically transferring a healthy
kidney from one person – the donor,
to a person with kidney failure – the
recipient
•Tissue rejection – the recipient’s
immune system will attack the donor
kidney and slowly destroy it unless the
recipient takes drugs to stop this
happening
•Advantages: in the long term, a
transplant is much cheaper; the
patients life is less disrupted
1.Describe what happens in
kidney tubules to form
urine
2. Label the
diagram
3. Explain why the presence
of protein in the urine
may indicate the kidney
damage